FIELD WORK OF SURVEYING
Theodolite, basic surveying instrument of unknown origin but going back to the 16th-century English mathematician Leonard Digges; it is used to measure horizontal and vertical angles. In its modern form it consists of a telescope mounted to swivel both horizontally and vertically. Leveling is accomplished with the aid of a spirit level; crosshairs in the telescope permit accurate alignment with the object sighted. After the telescope is adjusted precisely, the two accompanying scales, vertical and horizontal, are read. Mounted on a tripod with adjustable legs, the theodolite is used in the field to obtain precise angular measurements for triangulation in road building, tunnel alignment, and other civil-engineering work. The transit is a variety of theodolite that has the telescope so mounted that it can be completely reversed, or transited. The phototheodolite, a combination camera and theodolite mounted on the same tripod, is used in terrestrial photogrammetry for mapmaking and other purposes. This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen, Corrections Manager. surveying: History …were called topographic instruments, or theodolites. They included pivoted arms for sighting and could be used for measuring both horizontal and vertical angles. Magnetic compasses may have been included on some.… triangulation …surveying device known as a theodolite, and the entire triangle is established. By constructing a series of such triangles, each adjacent to at least one other triangle, values can be obtained for distances and angles not otherwise measurable. Triangulation was used by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and other peoples at… Triangulation , in navigation, surveying, and civil engineering, a technique for precise determination of a ship’s or aircraft’s position, and the direction of roads, tunnels, or other structures under construction. It is based on the laws of plane trigonometry, which state that, if one side and two angles of a triangle are known, the other two sides and angle can be readily calculated. One side of the selected triangle is measured; this is the baseline. The two adjacent angles are measured by means of a surveying device known as a theodolite, and the entire triangle is established. By constructing a series of such triangles, each adjacent to at least one other triangle, values can be obtained for distances and angles not otherwise measurable.
Aman Tripathi
SAMPLE PROFIT & LOSS
Sample profit & loss statement A Profit & Loss Statement (P&L) measures the activity of a business over a period of time – usually a month, a quarter, or a year. This financial report may have several different names: profit & loss, P&L, income statement, statement of revenues and expenses, or even the operating statement. The P&L basically tells you revenue, expenses, profit, and loss. Keep in mind that in almost all circumstances, profit is not the same thing as cash flow. The basic formula for the profit-and-loss statement is: Revenues – expenses = net profit. P&L statements generally follow this format: Revenues – Operating (variable) expenses = Gross profit (operating) margin – Overhead (fixed expenses) = Operating income +/– Other income or expense (non-operating) = Pre-tax income – Income taxes = Net income (after taxes) Here are definitions of these categories: Revenue is the money you receive in payment for your products or services. Operating, or variable, expenses are the expenses that rise or fall based on your sales volume. Gross profit margin or operating margin is the amount left when you subtract operating expenses from revenues. Overhead, or fixed, expenses are costs that don’t vary much month-to-month and don’t rise or fall with the number of sales you make. Examples might include salaries of office staff, rent, or insurance. Operating income is income after deducting operating and overhead expense. Other income or expenses (non-operating) generally don’t relate to the operating side of the business, rather to how the management finances the business. Other income might include interest or dividends from company investments, for example. Other expenses might include interest paid on loans. Pre-tax income is income before federal and state governments take their share. Income taxes How income tax is shown on the P&L varies based on the type of legal entity. For example, a C corporation almost always shows income tax expense, but S corporations, partnerships, LLCs, and sole proprietorships rarely show income tax expense on the P&L. Net income (after taxes) is the final amount on most profit-and-loss statements. It represents the net total profit earned by the business during the period, above and beyond all related costs and expenses. Here’s a simple example of a Profit & Loss Statement: Sample Company, Inc. Sample Profit & Loss Statement August 1-31, 2010 Operating Revenue Product sales$12,000 Service sales$3,000 Total Operating Revenue$15,000 Operating Expenses Cost of goods sold$7,000 Gross Profit$8,000 Overhead Rent$1,500 Insurance$250 Office supplies$150 Utilities$100 Total Overhead$2,000 Operating Income$6,000 Other Income (Expenses) Loan interest($500) Earnings Before Income Taxes$5,500 Income Taxes$500 Net Earnings$5,000 Manage your business expenses Categorize expenses Create a review schedule Establish goals The consequences of a smaller company spending too much are far greater than for larger companies. If you own a small business it’s especially important to control expenses. Here are some tips for taking an organized, logical approach to managing your expenses: Categorize your expenses as short-term, long-term or fixed. What’s the difference between the three? Short-term items are things like wages for part-time and seasonal workers, because these may change within a six-month period. Long-term expenses are items such as leases and contracts with vendors, which may last up to a year. Fixed costs, such as mortgage payments, rarely change. After categorizing your expenses, rank them in descending order of cost within each group. This process will help you see more clearly where your money is going. Create a schedule to review the items in each expense category. Look at your short-term expenses more frequently than your long-term costs because you can make changes to these more easily. If you are successful cutting costs in one area, see if you can transfer your strategy to another area of your business. Establish goals for reducing each expense category by a manageable percentage. If you have employees, assign someone to meet each cost-cutting goal, or consider rewarding employees for finding ways to cut costs.
Human Resource Management
Strategy, human resource management and performance: Sharpening line of sight This paper builds on previous theory and research on strategy and human resource management to identify important linkages between the firm's strategy, its human resources, and performance outcomes. First, we review the relevant literature focusing in particular on the role of human resources in creating competitive advantage. We then present a multi-level model illustrating how human resource management practices can effectively align organizational, group and individual factors with the organization's strategy. We redefine line of sight as the alignment of organizational capabilities and culture, group competencies and norms, and individual KSAs, motivation and opportunity with one another and with the organization's strategy. Further, we propose that such alignment contributes to the creation of human capital and social capital, both of which are necessary to achieve and sustain superior performance. We conclude the paper with some implications for future research and practice. Highlights ► An updated review of the literature on strategy, HRM, and performance. ► Comprehensive multi-level model showing links among strategy, HRM, and performance. ► Model builds on the line of sight concept by including three levels of analysis. ► We present implications of the model for research and practice.
Basic Material handling Systems
Basic Material handling Systems: Selection, Material handling method-path, equipment, function oriented systems. 6.1 Selection of Material Handling Equipment Selection of Material Handling equipment is an important decision as it affects both cost and efficiency of handling system. The following factors are to be taken into account while selecting material handling equipment. 6.1.1. Properties of the Material Whether it is solid, liquid or gas, and in what size, shape and weight it is to be transported are the main factors to be taken into consideration and can lead to a preliminary elimination from the range of available equipment under review. If a material is fragile, corrosive or toxic this will imply that certain handling methods and containers will be preferable to others. 6.1.2. Layout and characteristics of the building Another limiting factor is the convenience of space for handling. Low-level ceiling may exclude the use of hoists or cranes, and the presence of supporting columns in difficult places can restrict the size of the material-handling equipment. If the building is multi-storied, chutes or ramps for industrial trucks may be used. Layout itself will indicate the type of production operation (continuous, intermittent, fixed position or group) and can suggest some items of equipment that will be more proper than others. Floor capacity also aids in selecting the best material handling equipment. 6.1.3. Production Flow If the flow is properly constant between two immovable positions, fixed equipment such as conveyors or chutes can be effectively used. If, the flow is not continuous and the direction changes rarely from one point to another because several products are being produced simultaneously, moving equipment such as trucks would be desirable. 6.1.4. Cost considerations The previous factors can help to limit the range of suitable equipment, while costing can help in taking a final decision. Several cost features need to be taken into consideration, when the comparisons are made between several items of equipment that are capable of handling the same load. Initial investment and operating and maintenance costs are the major cost to be measured. By comparing the total cost for each of the items of equipment, a more rational decision can be made on the most appropriate choice. 6.1.5. Nature of Operations Equipment Selection also depends on mode of operations like whether handling is temporary or permanent, whether the flow is continuous or discontinuous and material flow pattern-vertical or horizontal. 6.1.6. Engineering Factors Selection of equipment also depends on engineering factors like door and ceiling dimensions, floor space, floor conditions and structural strength. 6.1.7. Equipment Reliability Reliability of the equipment and supplier reputation and the after sale service also plays an important role in selecting material handling equipment. 6.2 Importance of Materials Handling The importance of materials handling is that it helps productivity and increases profitability. Many enterprises go out of business because of inefficient materials handling practices. In many cases it is seen that rival industries are using same or similar production equipment, and one who uses improved materials handling system stays forward of their competitors. A well designed materials handling system attempts to achieve the following: Improve efficiency of a production system by ensuring the right quantity of materials delivered at the right place at the right time most economically. Cut down indirect labor cost. Reduce damage of materials during storage and movement. Maximize space utilization by proper storage of materials and thereby reduce storage and handling cost. Minimize accident during materials handling. Reduce overall cost by improving materials handling. Improve customer services by supplying materials in a manner convenient for handling. Increase efficiency and salability of plant and equipment with integral materials handling features Apart from these, for certain industries, like process industries, heavy manufacturing industries, construction industries, mining industries, and shipbuilding or aircraft industries etc., the materials are so large and heavy that these industries just cannot run without appropriate materials handling system. All the above points clearly portray the importance of materials handling in an industry or a material transportation system. However, the negative aspects of materials handling should also not be overlooked. These are: Additional capital cost involved in any materials handling system. Once a materials handling system get implemented, flexibility for further changes gets greatly reduced. With an integrated materials handling system installed, failure/stoppage in any portion of it leads to increased downtime of the production system. Materials handling system needs maintenance, hence any addition to materials handling means additional maintenance facilities and costs. 6.3 Systems Concept In the previous sections materials handling have already been referred to as a system and it will be repeated many times in future. It is, therefore, important to understand the systems concept of materials handling. The term ‘‘system’’ has many senses depending on the field where used. A general definition of the term could be: a complex unity formed of many often diverse parts subject to a common plan or serving a common purpose. The important characteristics of a system are that the parts, called subsystems, are interrelated and guided by an purpose for which the system exists. In an industry, materials handling is a subsystem (or part) of the production system. Materials handling can be reflected to be a system whose subsystems are: Design or method to be adopted, Types of materials handling equipment to be used, Different operations like packing /unpacking, movement and storage involved, Maintenance required for the equipment employed, Mode of transportation by the raw materials suppliers, distributors / customers, waste / scrap collectors etc. The common objective by which the different subsystems are guided is the lowest cost solution of the materials handling system. In actual exercise, the system concept of materials handling means the different types of materials handling needed at different parts of an industry and associated suppliers’ and customers’ end are to be considered in whole. Only this methodology will ensure an overall cost effective materials handling solution for the industry. A handling engineer could think about the handling downside of a specific space as a personal, isolated case and produces the solution. He could have made the foremost economic solution for that downside alone; however it should not cause the lowest price answer for the complete plant. There were several industries in United Nations agency area unit persecution which were over hundred sizes of containers/boxes at intervals constant plant! This can be the results of determination handling issues of various areas in isolation. From systems purpose of read, the handling downside of a plant at the side of its associated suppliers’ and customers’ issues ought to be thought of together system and therefore the subsystems got to be designed and operated consequently. This systems construct may be a logical approach which may bring home the bacon the target of any handling theme that is lowest price answer. 6.4 Five major types of materials handling methods Movement - Involves the actual transportation or transfer of material from one point to the next. Quantity - Dictates the type and nature of the material handling equipment and also cost per unit for the conveyance of the goods. Time - How quickly the material can move through the facility Space - concerned with the required space for the storage of the material handling equipment and their movement, as well as the queuing or staging space for the material itself. Control - Racking of the material, positive identification, and inventory management. A major competitive advantage due to its impact on quality, cost, productivity, inventory, and response time; in total a revenue enhancer not a cost contributor. Advantages of correct materials handling Savings in storage and operating space Better stock control Improved working conditions Improved quality Lower risk of accidents Reduced processing time Lower production costs Less waste of time and materials In order to perform the activities of materials handling the basic goal is to minimize the production costs. This general objective can be further subdivided into specific objectives as follows: To reduce the costs by decreasing inventories, minimizing the distance to be handled and increasing productivity. To increase the production capacity by smoothing the work flow, To minimize the waste during handling. To improve distribution through better location of facilities and improved routing. To increase the equipment and space utilization. To improve the working conditions. To improve the customer service. Basic Materials Handling Systems The different material handling systems can be classified according to the type of equipment used, material handled, method used or the function performed. Equipment-Oriented Systems: Depending upon the type of equipment used, there are several systems. Overhead systems Conveyer systems Tractor-trailor system Fork-life truck and pallet system Industrial truck systems Underground systems Material Oriented Systems: These may be of the following types: Unit handling systems Bulk handling systems Liquid handling systems A unit load consists of a number of items so arranged that it can be picked up and moved as a single entity such as a box, bale, roll etc. Such a system in more flexible and requires less investment. Method Oriented Systems According to the method of handling and method of production, the material handling systems can be: Manual systems Mechanized or automated systems Job-shop handling systems, or Mass-production handling systems Function Oriented Systems: The systems can be defined according to the material handling function performed as follows: Transportation systems Conveying systems Transferring systems Elevating systems Selection and Design of Handling System: The selection and design of the material system should be done alongside the development of the layout as each one affects each other. Hence, an integrated approach to the design process is usable. A computerized technique known as COFAC (Computerized Facilities Design) has been developed for integrated handling system and layout design. The steps to be followed in the selection and design of handling systems are as follows: Identification of system Review of design criteria and objectives of the handling system Data collection regarding flow pattern and flow requirements Identification of activity relationships Determining space requirement and establishing material flow pattern Analysis of material and building characteristics Preliminary selection of basic handling system and generation alternatives considering feasibility of mechanization and equipment capabilities Evaluation of alternatives with respect to optimal material flow, utilizing gravity, minimum cost, flexibility, ease of maintenance, capacity utilization and other objectives of the system design considering various tangible and intangible factors Selection of the best suited alternative and checking it for compatibility Specification of the system Procurement of the equipment and implementation of the system
Summary OF Section Divided
Examination Pattern of the Paper (CBSE 12th English Core): CBSE Class 12 English (Core) paper carried a total of 100 marks, was divided into three sections: Section A, B & Section C. Section A: (Reading Section): 30 Marks Section B: (Writing Skills): 30 Marks Section C: (Literature: Textbook and Long Reading Text): 40 Marks All sections were compulsory and students needed to attempt all the sections. There was no overall choice in the question paper however internal choices were present in some questions. Besides general instructions, separate instructions were provided in some sections and questions. Main points from the feedback of the students: • Paper was a bit lengthy • Questions based on Novel were confusing • Difficulty level of the question paper: easy • Paper was easier than last year • All the questions in the paper were asked from the latest CBSE 12th English syllabus • Many students are expecting 70 marks to 80 marks Controversies: Some students (outside Delhi) complained that questions related to the Novels were not as per the set pattern. As per the pattern, the paper is set in such a way that students need to read one of the two books or novels. Students are demanding compensatory marks. Some media house reported that CBSE official accepted this fact and ensured that appropriate measures will be taken so that students should not suffer. Official notification by CBSE POLICY TO ADDRESS THE ANOMALIES IN QUESTION PAPERS CBSE is holding Class-X and Class-XII Board Examinations for lakhs of students every year who are appearing in the examinations from about 5000 examination centres in India and in 25 countries abroad and growing every year. In case, if any anomaly is noticed after Question Paper is administered on the day of examination, it is not possible to communicate the solution of the same to all the centres. CBSE has a mechanism to address issues of anomaly in Question Papers as under: - 1. Observations are obtained from subject experts on the day of examination. 2. Observations on the Question Paper are obtained from all schools within 24 Hrs of the conduct of examination 3. Information received within 24 hours of the conduct of examination from other sources is also taken into consideration. All observations are compiled and provided to the group preparing Marking Schemes to make the provision to address the anomaly in such a manner that students interest is protected.
WHAT AFTER B,TECH ????????
Let us just start with the different options which can be thought of after completion of B.Tech: 1. Job after graduation (B.Tech) - The job opportunities after B.Tech is a good option. You can enter the software industry according to your specialization provided you possess good communication skills. It is better to get job in a company through campus placements as it is difficult to get job after you are out of the college. You can also do job for sometime after completing B.Tech and then start studying for your P.G course. We know it is not an easy task to look for a job which fulfills our requirement but in an age of so much competition it is a troublesome task. If you are economically efficient and don’t need a job, it is better you go for your further studies. A specialization will always earn you more salary as well as priority during interviews and of course sound grip over subject. Otherwise you can find some job. 2. Doing Post Graduation (M.Tech/M.S./MBA) - Most of you think that it is better to stop education at graduation level and invests their efforts in getting a job. Very few are interested towards higher studies. Investing in higher education will yield long term benefits. As B.Tech is a bachelor level course in Technology, one cannot take it as the last and final qualification degree, especially in the present time when the market is full of competition all around. Mere earning a bachelor’s degree cannot give you a job, in the present era. There are more applicants than the number of jobs available, and hence it is very essential for everyone to be specialized in their respective field. Doing post graduation not only gives an additional degree but also it enhances your intellectual and maturity levels. It makes you specialist in a particular area or field so that you will be suitable for specific job. If one decides to do post graduation then there arises a question, weather to do M.Tech or M.S. or MBA. This decision completely depends on the person and his or her personal interest. Earn money and live fast- MBA/MS Earn respect and live peacefully- M.Tech. If one is more interested in engineering line and want to work in their trade line and want to make a career with engineering projects, then without delay one should go for M.Tech. That will help them in getting a better rank and post in the same line in which they were working or wanted to work after the completion of their B.Tech degree. People who do M.Tech are more into the teaching field. Such people must prepare for entrance exams like GATE/PGCET etc. To face these exams one must prepare from 3rd year itself. Most of the syllabus in GATE includes only 2nd year and 3rd year core subjects. Related Exams: GATE: Conducted by one of seven Indian Institutes of Technology in rotation, Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) is an annual exam for admission to M.Tech and M.S. programmes in most engineering institutes in India. It is regarded as a benchmark test for engineering graduates in India. This examination is coordinated by a committee, comprising of Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore and seven Indian Institutes of Technology on behalf of the National Coordinating Board - GATE, Department of Education, and Government of India. The pattern and syllabus are usually based on a candidate's B.Tech. Or BE syllabus. Minimum eligibility for appearing in this exam is usually a B.Tech, BE, B. Arch. or M.Sc. The exam is usually conducted on second Sunday of February. Some people will prefer doing M.S. rather than M.Tech, as M.Tech has lost its value. Most of the colleges are offering M.Tech without having proper faculty, conducting classes and even in some colleges without attending they are giving degree. Whereas doing M.Tech in reputed organizations like IITs, NITs etc certainly better than doing M.S. in foreign universities. Our IITs are best in the world in undergraduate disciplines only i.e., in B.Tech, and not in graduate disciplines. Each IIT is famous for some streams; if we join selectively then doing M.Tech in IIT is better than doing M.S. otherwise it is better to go for M.S. People who are interested to do M.S. must take exams like TOEFL/IELTS (English proficiency tests) and GRE to get scholarships. Now a day most of the foreign universities are offering graduate courses at affordable costs and many banks are providing loans for doing higher studies. GRE: The Graduate Record Examination or GRE is a standardized test that is an admissions requirement for many graduate schools in English speaking countries. It is created and administered by the Educational Testing Service and is similar in format and content to the SAT. It is a computer based Online Test. The percentile scored in this exam will decide your future in doing M.S in foreign nations. TOEFL: The Test of English as a Foreign Language (or TOEFL®, pronounced "toe-full" or sometimes "toffle") evaluates the potential success of an individual to use and understand Standard American English at a college level. It is required for non-native applicants at many English-speaking colleges and universities. A TOEFL score is valid for two years and then is deleted from the official database. However, if one is more interested in working in the management aspect of companies rather than engineering line, one should go for the MBA degree. The focus today is on acquiring multiple skills and cross functionality rather than specializations: Today organizations are not made up of different departments each of them having a focused task and a limited role; instead today they are made up of teams. These teams consist of people who although have specialized skills but have to synergize their efforts in achieving a common goal. MBA will enable them to work from the management front where they can manage the resources for the benefits of various aspects of the business. A B.Tech from an IIT with an MBA from an IIM is the dream combination as widely approved. And it need not be a B.Tech from an IIT too, any student passing out from IIMs can get upto 15-20 lakhs per month. Also one takes an MBA after M.Tech too, but it is the getting into top B-Schools that matter. CAT conducted by the IIMs (Indian Institute of Managements) is considered as the world’s toughest exam even though the syllabus is just the portions up to standard 10 in school. Some of the B Schools are conducting their own entrance examination and some are conducting common entrance like MAT. Also we can do management programs in foreign universities by taking GMAT. GMAT: The Graduate Management Admissions Test, better known by the acronym GMAT (pronounced G-mat), is a standardized test for determining aptitude to succeed academically in graduate business studies. The GMAT is used as one of the selection criteria by most respected business schools globally, most commonly for admission into an MBA program. CAT: Common Admission Test is conducted by IIMs in India for entry to various IIMs present in India. Admissions are based on the scores in CAT exam Examinations Schedule MBA/PGDM admissions: The most important exams are the CAT and the MAT. Nearly all the B Schools in India admit students based on the score in them. January: Faculty of management studies entrance exam (FMS, New Delhi) January: XAT – XLRI Jamshedpur School of Management test February: ATMA – AIMS Test for Management Admissions May: Narsee Monjee Management Aptitude Test – NMAT September: MAT September (MAT is usually conducted 4 times in a year in February, May, September and December) November: The Indian Institute of Foreign Trade – IIFT November: Common Admission Test by IIMs Mid December: JMET – Joint Management Entrance Test by IIT s for their MBA programmes. 3rd week of December: SNAP – Symbiosis National Aptitude Test GMAT (for management studies abroad)———can be taken at any time at the respective centres. MTECH/MS: February second week ——GATE conducted by IITs and IISc GRE (for graduate studies abroad) 3. Other Options a) Preparing for Civil Services: The Indian Civil Service serves as the backbone of India and carries great respect and responsibilities. India's best brains vie for entry into the Indian Civil Services as officers. Even though corporate jobs may offer the best of salaries and perks, a majority of youngsters and their parents still crave entry to the prestigious Indian Civil Services held by the UPSC. The very fact that a big share of every year's top posts in the civil services exams are bagged by professionals from various streams, shows that the IAS is still the dream job for many. b) Preparing for Defence Services: A graduate can join through the Combined Defence Services examination as a regular/short service commissioned officer. Training for regular commissioned officers is carried out at Indian Military Academy, Dehradun, known as the cradle of Military leadership. Those desirous of joining the Short Service Commission get trained at Officer’s Training Academy at Chennai and serve for a period of five years. On completion of this term he can either resign or opt for an extension for five years or a permanent commission. Engineering graduates can join in the pre-final or that final year through the University Entry Scheme or after completion of graduation through Technical Graduate Scheme without any written examination, by appearing before the Service Selection Board. In both the cases the candidate gets an ante-date seniority of two years and gets commissioned as a captain. c) Entrepreneurship: If you have good financial resources, you can also start your own company.