File handling in python( Class 11th)
Python has several built-in modules and functions for handling files. These functions are spread out over several modules such as os, os.path, shutil, and pathlib, to name a few. This article gathers in one place many of the functions you need to know in order to perform the most common operations on files in Python. 1.file opening 2closing a file 3.reading a file 4.using the with statement 5.writing a file 6.copyfile.py 7.count spaces, tabs and new lines in a file
Savita Savita
Functions in python( Class 11th)
A function is a block of organized, reusable code that is used to perform a single, related action. Functions provide better modularity for your application and a high degree of code reusing. As you already know, Python gives you many built-in functions like print(), etc. but you can also create your own functions This file includes defining a function,local and global variables,default argument value,keyword arguments,docstrings, higher order function,map function
Halogen compounds
Organic halogen compounds are a large class of natural and synthetic chemicals that contain one or more halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) combined with carbon and other elements. The simplest organochlorine compound is chloromethane, also called methyl chloride(CH3Cl) This file includes types of nucleophilic substitution reaction and their mechanisms
Quadratic equations( CLASS 10TH)
In, mathematics, a quadratic equation is a polynomial equation of the second degree. This file includes the following 1.Quadratic and roots 2.how to solve a quadratics equation? 3.methods to solve quadratic equation.
Solid states( CLASS 12TH)
Solid is a state of matter in which the constituting particles are arranged very closely. The constituent particles can be atoms, molecules ions. This file includes 1.properties of solids 2.types of solids 3.crystal lattice 4.unit cell 5.the seven crystal systems 6.types of unit cells 7.packing efficiency 8.impurity defects 9.band theory
Electrochemistry( CLASS 12TH)
This file includes oxidation and reduction reactions,Electrochemical cell,salt bridge,cell potential,conductivity cell, batteries, corrosion
Conditional statements , iteration and string manipulation in python (11th class)
This file includes conditional statements, iteration and string manipulation in python. Conditionl statements includes 1.simple if 2.if else statement 3.else statement Iteration 1.whike loop 2.for 3.range String functions 1.indexing 2.slicing
Fundamentals Of Internet
A computer Network is an interconnection of various computer systems located at different places.In which two or more computers are linked together with a medium and data communication devices for the purpose of sharing data and resources. This topic includes Characteristics of Computer Network, Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer Network. TYPES OF NETWORK The Computer network can be categorized into following types LAN, WAN, MAN. CAN, HAN,PAN. NETWORK TOPOLOGY The Graphical arrangement of Computer systems , or nodes to form a computer network, is called the network topology. following are the types of Network Topology: (i)Peer to Peer (ii)Bus Topology (iii)Star Topology (iv)Ring Topology (v)Tree Topology (vi)Mesh Topology (vii)Hybrid Topology COMPUTER NETWORK COMPONENTS Computer network components include the major parts that are needed to install a network both at the office and the home level.These hardware components include cable, Hub, Switch,NIC(Network Interface Card), modem and router. Rest of the topics included in this file are: 1.DATA COMMUNICATION 2.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF INTERNET 3.INTERNET SERVICES 4.IP ADDRESS 5.COMPUTER VIRUS 6.WEB BROWSER
DEADLOCK
Deadlock is a situation where a set of processes are blocked because each process is holding a resource and waiting for another resource acquired by some other process.Consider an example when two trains are coming toward each other on same track and there is only one track, none of the trains can move once they are in front of each other. Similar situation occurs in operating systems when there are two or more processes hold some resources and wait for resources held by other(s). DEADLOCK CHARACTERIZATION: In a deadlock, processes never finish executing, and system resources are tied up, preventing other jobs from starting. Before we discuss the various methods for dealing with the deadlock problem,we look more closely at features that characterize deadlocks. 1. Mutual Exclusion 2. Hold and Wait 3. No preemption 4. Circular Wait METHODS FOR HANDLING DEADLOCKS: 1. Deadlock Ignorance 2. Deadlock avoidance 3. Deadlock detection and recovery
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
An Operating System (OS) is an interface between computer user and computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs. Following are the types of OS: (i)Batched Operating System (ii)Multi-programming Operating System (iii)Time Sharing Operating System (iv) Distributed Operating System (v) Network Operating System (vi)Real Time Operating System
MEMORY MANAGEMENT
Address is used to uniquely identify the location of something inside the CPU memory. These addresses are divided into two major types, the first being the logical address and the other, physical address. Both having different but some what similar functionality.The logical address serves as a virtual address which is viewable by the user program. The Physical address, however, is not view able directly by the user program and the logical address is utilized as a resource to access the physical address with the aid of a pointer. MEMORY ALLOCATION METHODS The allocation methods define how the files are stored in the disk blocks. There are three main disk space or file allocation methods. 1. Contiguous Allocation 2. Linked Allocation 3. Indexed Allocation PAGING: A computer can address more memory than the amount physically installed on the system. This extra memory is actually called virtual memory and it is a section of a hard that's set up to emulate the computer's RAM. Paging technique plays an important role in implementing virtual memory.Paging is a memory management technique in which process address space is broken into blocks of the same size called pages (size is power of 2, between 512 bytes and 8192 bytes). The size of the process is measured in the number of pages.Similarly, main memory is divided into small fixed-sized blocks of (physical) memory called frames and the size of a frame is kept the same as that of a page to have optimum utilization of the main memory and to avoid external fragmentation. SEGMENTATION: Segmentation is a memory management technique in which each job is divided into several segments of different sizes, one for each module that contains pieces that perform related functions.Each segment is actually a different logical address space of the program. VIRTUAL MEMORY: A computer can address more memory than the amount physically installed on the system. This extra memory is actually called virtual memory and it is a section of a hard disk that's set up to emulate the computer's RAM. PAGE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHMS: In operating systems that use paging for memory management, page replacement algorithm are needed to decide which page needed to be replaced when new page comes in. Whenever a new page is referred and not present in memory, page fault occurs and Operating System replaces one of the existing pages with newly needed page. Different page replacement algorithms suggest different ways to decide which page to replace. The target for all algorithms is to reduce number of page faults. (i)First In First Out (FIFO) (ii)Optimal Page replacement (iii)Least Recently Used (iv)Page buffering algorithm (v)Least frequently Used (LFU) algorithm (vi)Most frequently Used (MFU) algorithm ALLOCATION OF FRAMES: An important aspect of operating systems, virtual memory is implemented using demand paging.Demand paging necessitates the development of a page-replacement algorithm and a frame allocation algorithm. Frame allocation algorithms are used if you have multiple processes; it helps decide how many frames to allocate to each process.
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
HTML is an acronym which stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It is widely used language to write Web Pages. Hyper Text simply means "Text within link".Every time when you click on a word which brings you to a new web page. This document contains all about html , its tags and attributes. Following are the topics covered in this file: 1.HTML Tags 2.Structure of an HTML Document 3.HTML Horizontal Rules 4.Font Tag in HTML 5. Tag 6.HTML Hyperlinks 7.Lists in HTML 8.HTML Table 9.Image File Formats