CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SYLLABUS
(To develop basic concept of quantum mechanics and its applications in bonding and spectroscopy) 1. Structure Bonding: Failure of classical mechanics, uncertainty principle, wave nature of particles, Schrödinger equation (need not be derived), interpretation of wave functions, Molecular Orbital theory of diatomic molecules and metallic bonding. (No of lectures-7) 2. Spectroscopy and photochemistry: Interaction and radiation with matter, microwave, IR and UV-VIS spectroscopy: Basic Concepts of selection rules and application to molecular structure determination. (No of lectures-5) Module – 2 (To develop the basic concepts of thermodynamics and its application to chemical systems) 1. Thermodynamics and chemical equilibrium: variables of states: Ist law of thermodynamics and applications to ideal gas, enthalpy and heat capacity, Measurement of enthalpy and heat capacity, thermo-chemical calculation 2nd law of thermodynamics concepts of entropy, entropy in physical and chemical changes, molecular interpretation of entropy. The free energy concepts: application to gases: Gibbs Helmholtz equation: free energy change and criterion of spontaneity of chemical equation; free energy change and criterion of spontaneity of chemical reactions and chemical equilibrium. Physical, ionic and chemical equilibrium. (No of lecturers- 9) 2. Phase rule: one and two component systems H2O , S, Cd-Bi and Fe-C system
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SEQUENTIAL LOGIC CIRCUIT
Till now we studied the logic circuits whose outputs at any instant of time depend only on the input signals present at that time are known as combinational circuits. Moreover, in a combinational circuit, the output appears immediately for a change in input, except for the propagation delay through circuit gates. On the other hand, the logic circuits whose outputs at any instant of time depend on the present inputs as well as on the past outputs are called sequential circuits. In sequential circuits, the output signals are fed back to the input side. A block diagram of a sequential circuit is shown in Figure below:- It consists of a combinational circuit to which storage elements are connected to form a feedback path. The storage elements are devices capable of storing binary information. The binary information stored in these elements at any given time defines the state of the sequential circuit at that time. The sequential circuit receives binary information from external inputs that, together with the present state of the storage elements, determine the binary value of the outputs. These external inputs also determine the condition for changing the state in the storage elements. The block diagram demonstrates that the outputs in a sequential circuit are a function not only of the inputs, but also of the present state of the storage elements. The next state of the storage elements is also a function of external inputs and the present state. Thus, a sequential circuit is specified by a time sequence of inputs, outputs, and internal states. There are two types of sequential circuits, and their classification is a function of the timing of their signals
ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT &MEASURING INSTRUMENTS SYLLABUS
Basics of Measurements: Accuracy, Precision, resolution, reliability, repeatability, validity, Errors and their analysis, Standards of measurement. Bridge Measurement: DC bridges- wheatstone bridge, AC bridges – Kelvin, Hay, Maxwell, Schering and Wien bridges, Wagner ground Connection. Electronic Instruments for Measuring Basic Parameters: Amplified DC meter, AC Voltmeter, True- RMS responding Voltmeter, Electronic
ANTENNA ENGINEERING
An antenna is defined by Webster’s Dictionary as “a usually metallic device (as a rod or wire) for radiating or receiving radio waves.” The IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas (IEEE Std 145–1983)∗ defines the antenna or aerial as “a means for radiating or receiving radio waves.” In other words the antenna is the transitional structure between free-space and a guiding device, as shown in Figure 1.1. The guiding device or transmission line may take the form of a coaxial line or a hollow pipe (waveguide), and it is used to transport electromagnetic energy from the transmitting source to the antenna, or from the antenna to the receiver. In the former case, we have a transmitting antenna and in the latter a receiving antenna. A transmission-line Thevenin equivalent of the antenna system of Figure 1.1 in the transmitting mode is shown in Figure 1.2 where the source is represented by an ideal generator, the transmission line is represented by a line with characteristic impedance Zc, and the antenna is represented by a load ZA [ZA = (RL + Rr ) + jXA] connected to the transmission line. The Thevenin and Norton circuit equivalents of the antenna are also shownin Figure 2.27. The load resistance RL is used to represent the conduction and dielectric losses associated with the antenna structure while Rr , referred to as the radiation resistance, is used to represent radiation by the antenna. The reactance XA is used to represent the imaginary part of the impedance associated with radiation by the antenna. This is discussed more in detail in Sections 2.13 and 2.14. Under ideal conditions, energy generated by the source should be totally transferred to the Radiation resistance Rr , which is used to represent radiation by the antenna. However, in a practical system there are conduction-dielectric losses due to the lossy nature of the transmission line and the antenna, as well as those due to reflections (mismatch) losses at the interface between the line and the antenna. Taking into account the internal impedance of the source and neglecting line and reflection (mismatch) losses, maximum power is delivered to the antenna under conjugate matching.
RADAR SYSTEM
Radar is an electromagnetic system for the detection and location of objects. It operates by transmitting a particular type of waveform, a pulse-modulated sine wave for example, and detects the nature of the echo signal. Radar is used to extend the capability of one's senses for observing the environment, especially the sense of vision. An elementary form of radar consists of a transmitting antenna emitting electromagnetic radiation generated by an oscillator of some sort, a receiving antenna, and an energy-detecting device, or receiver. A portion of the transmitted signal is intercepted by a reflecting object (target) and is reradiated in all directions. It is the energy reradiated in the back direction that is of prime interest to the radar. The receiving antenna collects the returned energy and delivers it to a receiver, where it is processed to detect the presence of the target and to extract its location and relative velocity. The distance to the target is determined by measuring the time taken for the radar signal to travel to the target and back. The direction, or angular position, of the target may be determined from the direction of arrival of the reflected wave- front. The usual method of measuring the direction of arrival is with narrow antenna beams. If relative motion exists between target and radar, the shift in the carrier frequency of the reflected wave (Doppler Effect) is a measure of the target's relative (radial) velocity and may be used to distinguish moving targets from stationary objects. In radars which continuously track the movement of a target, a continuous indication of the rate of change of target position is also available. 1.2 History Background James Clerk Maxwell (1831 –1879) - predicted the existence of radio waves in his theory of electromagnetism. In 1886, Hertz experimentally tested the theories of Maxwell and demonstrated the similarity between radio and light waves. Hertz showed that radio waves could be reflected itself. Heinrich Hertz, in 1886, experimentally tested the theories of Maxwell and demonstrated the similarity between radio and light waves. Hertz showed that radio waves could be reflected by metallic and dielectric bodies. Due to these reflections occurred through metallic bodie
ELEMENTARY FLIGHT DYNAMICS
Introduction11.1What,WhyandHow?11.2AircraftasaRigidBody21.3SixDegreesofFreedom71.4Position,VelocityandAngles101.5AircraftMotioninWind141.6LongitudinalFlightDynamics171.7LongitudinalDynamicsEquations211.8AQuestionofTimescales221.9LongitudinalTrim251.10AerodynamicCoefficientsCD,CL,C„,281.10.1AerodynamicCoefficientswithAngleofAttack(a)301.10.2AerodynamicCoefficientswithMachNumber{Ma)321.11Wing-BodyTrim34ExerciseProblems40References422StabilityConcept432.1LinearFirst-OrderSystem432.2LinearSecond-OrderSystem462.3NonlinearSecond-OrderSystem552.4PitchDynamicsaboutLevelFlightTrim572.5ModellingSmall-PerturbationAerodynamics5
COMMUNICATION(ENGLISH) -2
Being able to communicate effectively is perhaps the most important of all life skills. It is what enables us to pass information to other people, and to understand what is said to us. You only have to watch a baby listening intently to its mother and trying to repeat the sounds that she makes to understand how fundamental is the urge to communicate. Communication, at its simplest, is the act of transferring information from one place to another. It may be vocally (using voice), written (using printed or digital media such as books, magazines, websites or emails), visually (using logos, maps, charts or graphs) or non-verbally (using body language, gestures and the tone and pitch of voice). In practice, it is often a combination of several of these. Communication skills may take a lifetime to master—if indeed anyone can ever claim to have mastered them. There are, however, many things that you can do fairly easily to improve your communication skills and ensure that you are able to transmit and receive information effectively. This page provides an introduction to communication skills. It is also a guide to the pages on SkillsYouNeed that cover this essential area to enable you to navigate them effectively. The Importance of Good Communication Skills Developing your communication skills can help all aspects of your life, from your professional life to social gatherings and everything in between. The ability to communicate information accurately, clearly and as intended, is a vital life skill and something that should not be overlooked. It’s never too late to work on your communication skills and by doing so, you may well find that you improve your quality of life.
THERMODYNAMICS CONCEPT
Thermodynamics, science of the relationship between heat, work, temperature, and energy. In broad terms, thermodynamics deals with the transfer of energy from one place to another and from one form to another. The key concept is that heat is a form of energy corresponding to a definite amount of mechanical work. Sir Isaac Newton. READ MORE ON THIS TOPIC philosophy of physics: Thermodynamics A concise, powerful, and general account of the time asymmetry of ordinary physical processes was gradually pieced together in the course… Heat was not formally recognized as a form of energy until about 1798, when Count Rumford (Sir Benjamin Thompson), a British military engineer, noticed that limitless amounts of heat could be generated in the boring of cannon barrels and that the amount of heat generated is proportional to the work done in turning a blunt boring tool. Rumford’s observation of the proportionality between heat generated and work done lies at the foundation of thermodynamics. Another pioneer was the French military engineer Sadi Carnot, who introduced the concept of the heat-engine cycle and the principle of reversibility in 1824. Carnot’s work concerned the limitations on the maximum amount of work that can be obtained from a steam engine operating with a high-temperature heat transfer as its driving force. Later that century, these ideas were developed by Rudolf Clausius, a German mathematician and physicist, into the first and second laws of thermodynamics, respectively. The most important laws of thermodynamics are:
PROCESSOR RAM AND HARD DISK
The CPU or processor is the "brain" of the computer. It performs all the operations that the computer does, from simple encoding of text to complex rendering of video. So, the faster the speed of your processor, the faster your computer will run." The most well-known processors are made by Intel and include the Celeron, Pentium, and Core (i7). (Quoted material is from from https://hubpages.com/technology/A-Beginners-Guide-To-Computers.) Random Access Memory "Usually referred to as 'memory', RAM is second to the CPU in determining your computer's performance. It temporarily stores your computer's activities until they are transferred and stored permanently in your hard disk when you shut down or restart." RAM is measured in gigabytes (GB), and the average modern computer has between 4-8 GB of RAM. The more RAM your computer has, the faster it runs (up to a point). (Quoted material is from from https://hubpages.com/technology/A-Beginners-Guide-To-Computers.) Hard Disk Drive "The hard disk drive, more commonly known as the hard drive or hard disk, is where all data and programs are stored in your computer permanently, unless you delete them. Generally speaking, a hard disk with a higher capacity is always better." (Quoted material is from from https://hubpages.com/technology/A-Beginners-Guide-To-Computers.) Motherboard The motherboard is a large circuitboard that connects all the parts of the computer, including the hard disk drive, CPU, and RAM. The motherboard is like the nervous system in your body - it distributes signals to and from all the parts and helps coordinate their activities.
COMPUTER CABLES
A cable may refer to any of the following: Power cord connections 1. Alternatively referred to as a cord, connector or plug, a cable is one or more wires covered in a plastic covering that allows for the transmission of power or data between devices. The picture is an example of what the power cord may look like for your computer or monitor. The power cord is one example of thousands of other cables found in and around computers. There are two main types of computer cables, a data cable and a power cable. A data cable is a cable that provides communication between devices. For example, the data cable (i.e., DVI, HDMI, or VGA) that connects your monitor to your computer and allows your computer to display a picture on the monitor. Other popular examples of data cables include the CAT5, IDE/EIDE, SATA, and USB cables. A power cable is any cable that powers the device. For example, the power cord that connects to your computer and a Molex style cable inside the computer are both good examples of power cables. Below, is a listing of the most common types of cables found with computers and electronics and examples of devices that use them. Types of cables AT - Used with early keyboards ATA - Used with hard drives and disc drives Cat 5 - Used with network cards Coaxial - Used with TV and projectors Composite - Used with TV, projectors, and consoles. Also known as RCA cables. DisplayPort - Used with computer monitors DVI - Used with monitors, projectors, and other displays e-SATA - Used with external drives Firewire (IEEE-1394) - Used with digital cameras and external drives HDMI - Used with monitors, projectors, DVD/Blu-ray players, and other displays MIDI - Used with musical keyboards and other equipment Mini plug - Used with headphones, microphones, speakers Molex - Power cable used inside your computer IDE/EIDE - Used with hard drives and disc drives Parallel - Used with printers PS/2 - Used with keyboards and mice S-Video - Used with projectors, digital cameras, and other displays S/PDIF - Used with DVD and surround sound. SATA - Used with hard drives and disc drives SCSI - Used with hard drives, tape drives, and disc drives Serial (RS-232) - Used with a mouse and Modem. Thunderbolt - Primarily used with Apple displays and devices USB - Used with keyboard, mouse, printer, MP3 players, and thousands of other devices VGA/SVGA - Used with monitors and projectors
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
A software engineer is a person who applies the principles of software engineering to the design, development, maintenance, testing, and evaluation of computer software. Prior to the mid-1970s, software practitioners generally called themselves computer scientists, computer programmers or software developers, regardless of their actual jobs. Many people prefer to call themselves software developer and programmer, because most widely agree what these terms mean, while the exact meaning of software engineer is still being debated. Contents 1 Education 1.1 Other degrees 2 Profession 2.1 Employment 2.2 Impact of globalization 2.3 Prizes 3 Use of the title "Engineer" 3.1 Origin of the term 3.2 Suitability of the term 3.3 Regulatory classification 3.3.1 Canada 3.3.2 Europe 3.3.3 France 3.3.4 Iceland 3.3.5 New Zealand 3.3.6 United States 4 See also 5 References Education Globe icon. The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Half of all practitioners today have degrees in computer science, information systems, or information technology. A small, but growing, number of practitioners have software engineering degrees. In 1987, Imperial College London introduced the first three-year software engineering Bachelor's degree in the UK and the world; in the following year, the University of Sheffield established a similar program.[1] In 1996, the Rochester Institute of Technology established the first software engineering bachelor's degree program in the United States, however, it did not obtain ABET accreditation until 2003, the same time as Rice University, Clarkson University, Milwaukee School of Engineering and Mississippi State University obtained theirs.[2] In 1997, PSG College of Technology in Coimbatore, India was the first to start a five-year integrated Master of Science degree in Software Engineering.[citation needed] Since then, software engineering undergraduate degrees have been established at many universities. A standard international curriculum for undergraduate software engineering degrees was recently[when?] defined by the CCSE. As of 2004, in the U.S., about 50 universities offer software engineering degrees, which teach both computer science and engineering principles and practices. The first software engineering Master's degree was established at Seattle University in 1979. Since then graduate software engineering degrees have been made available from many more universities. Likewise in Canada, the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB) of the Canadian Council of Professional Engineers has recognized several software engineering programs. In 1998, the US Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) established the first doctorate program in Software Engineering in the world.[citation needed] Additionally, many online advanced degrees in Software Engineering have appeared such as the Master of Science in Software Engineering (MSE) degree offered through the Computer Science and Engineering Department at California State University, Fullerton. Steve McConnell opines that because most universities teach computer science rather than software engineering, there is a shortage of true software engineers.[3] ETS University and UQAM (Université du Québec à Montréal) were mandated by IEEE to develop the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK), which has become an ISO standard describing the body of knowledge covered by a software engineer.[4] Other degrees In business, some software engineering practitioners have MIS or computer information systems degrees. In embedded systems, some have electrical engineering, electronics engineering, computer science with emphasis in "embedded systems" or computer engineering degrees, because embedded software often requires a detailed understanding of hardware. In medical software, practitioners may have medical informatics, general medical, or biology degrees.[citation needed] Some practitioners have mathematics, science, engineering, or technology (STEM) degrees. Some have philosophy (logic in particular) or other non-technical degrees.[citation needed] For instance, Barry Boehm earned degrees in mathematics. And, others have no degrees.[citation needed] Profession Employment See also: Software engineering demographics Most software engineers work as employees or contractors. Software engineers work with businesses, government agencies (civilian or military), and non-profit organizations. Some software engineers work on their own as consulting software engineers. Some organizations have specialists to perform all of the tasks in the software development process. Other organizations separate software engineers based on specific software-engineering tasks. These companies sometimes hire interns (possibly university or college students) over a short time. In large projects, software engineers are distinguished from people who specialize in only one role because they take part in the design as well as the programming of the project. In small projects, software engineers will usually fill several or all roles at the same time. Specializations include:
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Manufacturing is the production of products for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial design, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale. Such finished goods may be sold to other manufacturers for the production of other, more complex products, such as aircraft, household appliances, furniture, sports equipment or automobiles, or sold to wholesalers, who in turn sell them to retailers, who then sell them to end users and consumers. Manufacturing engineering or manufacturing process are the steps through which raw materials are transformed into a final product. The manufacturing process begins with the product design, and materials specification from which the product is made. These materials are then modified through manufacturing processes to become the required part. Modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required in the production and integration of a product's components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term fabrication instead. The manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design. Examples of major manufacturers in North America include General Motors Corporation, General Electric, Procter & Gamble, General Dynamics, Boeing, Pfizer, and Precision Castparts. Examples in Europe include Volkswagen Group, Siemens, FCA and Michelin. Examples in Asia include Toyota, Yamaha, Panasonic, LG, Samsung and Tata Motors. Contents 1 History and development 1.1 Manufacturing systems: changes in methods of manufacturing 2 Industrial policy 2.1 Economics of manufacturing 2.2 Safety 2.3 Manufacturing and investment 3 Countries by manufacturing output using the most recent known data 4 Manufacturing processes 5 Control 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links History and development Finished regenerative thermal oxidizer at manufacturing plant Assembly of Section 41 of a Boeing 787 Dreamliner An industrial worker amidst heavy steel semi-products (KINEX BEARINGS, Bytča, Slovakia, c. 1995–2000) A modern automobile assembly line In its earliest form, manufacturing was usually carried out by a single skilled artisan with assistants. Training was by apprenticeship. In much of the pre-industrial world, the guild system protected the privileges and trade secrets of urban artisans. Before the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in rural areas, where household-based manufacturing served as a supplemental subsistence strategy to agriculture (and continues to do so in places). Entrepreneurs organized a number of manufacturing households into a single enterprise through the putting-out system. Toll manufacturing is an arrangement whereby a first firm with specialized equipment processes raw materials or semi-finished goods for a second firm. Manufacturing systems: changes in methods of manufacturing Manufacturing Engineering Agile manufacturing American system of manufacturing British factory system of manufacturing Craft or guild system Fabrication Flexible manufacturing Just-in-time manufacturing Lean manufacturing Mass customization (2000s) – 3D printing, design-your-own web sites for sneakers, fast fashion Mass production Ownership Packaging and labeling Prefabrication Putting-out system Rapid manufacturing Reconfigurable manufacturing system Soviet collectivism in manufacturing History of numerical control Industrial policy Main article: Industrial policy Economics of manufacturing Emerging technologies have provided some new growth in advanced manufacturing employment opportunities in the Manufacturing Belt in the United States. Manufacturing provides important material support for national infrastructure and for national defense. On the other hand, most manufacturing may involve significant social and environmental costs. The clean-up costs of hazardous waste, for example, may outweigh the benefits of a product that creates it. Hazardous materials may expose workers to health risks. These costs are now well known and there is effort to address them by improving efficiency, reducing waste, using industrial symbiosis, and eliminating harmful chemicals. The negative costs of manufacturing can also be addressed legally. Developed countries regulate manufacturing activity with labor laws and environmental laws. Across the globe, manufacturers can be subject to regulations and pollution taxes to offset the environmental costs of manufacturing activities. Labor unions and craft guilds have played a historic role in the negotiation of worker rights and wages. Environment laws and labor protections that are available in developed nations may not be available in the third world. Tort law and product liability impose additional costs on manufacturing. These are significant dynamics in the ongoing process, occurring over the last few decades, of manufacture-based industries relocating operations to "developing-world" economies where the costs of production are significantly lower than in "developed-world" economies.