particle technology and seperation process
here, I posted a book on 'particle technology and seperation process'. It will help u to solve all kinds of problems. Go through this book.
Subham Bera
mechanical lab note book
I have posted a lab experiment and results of mechanical operation. Hope, this may help you.
quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics is the science of the very small. It explains the behavior of matter and its interactions with energy on the scale of atomic and subatomic particles. By contrast, classical physics explains matter and energy only on a scale familiar to human experience, including the behavior of astronomical bodies such as the Moon. Classical physics is still used in much of modern science and technology. However, towards the end of the 19th century, scientists discovered phenomena in both the large (macro) and the small (micro) worlds that classical physics could not explain.[1] The desire to resolve inconsistencies between observed phenomena and classical theory led to two major revolutions in physics that created a shift in the original scientific paradigm: the theory of relativity and the development of quantum mechanics.[2] This article describes how physicists discovered the limitations of classical physics and developed the main concepts of the quantum theory that replaced it in the early decades of the 20th century. It describes these concepts in roughly the order in which they were first discovered. For a more complete history of the subject, see History of quantum mechanics.
PARTICLE SIZE ANALYZER
The better you know your particles, the better you can predict your materials’ behavior. Parameters you want to measure for these investigations include particle size, pore size, particle shape, internal structure, zeta potential, surface area, reactive area, density, powder flow, and many more. Anton Paar offers you instrumentation for all of them and more – it’s the broadest particle characterization portfolio available from one single provider worldwide. Make use of this wide choice and also benefit from decade-long expertise in the field – all at only one point of contact.
newton interpolation formulae
Here, I posted a few questions on newton interpolation formulae. Hope it may help you.
conductivity measurement
Electrical conductivity is the ability of a material to build an electric current in the presence of an electric field. Metals are good conductors and therefore exhibit a large conductivity. Insulators are bad conductors having a very small, close-to-zero conductivity. In liquids, particularly aqueous solutions, the conductivity is greatly affected by the amount of dissolved charged atoms or molecules (ions). Conductivity measurements are widely used in industrial and environmental applications as a simple and inexpensive way to control the ionic content in a solution. In water purification systems, the conductivity is monitored at different stages of the process. Since the mobility of the dissolved ions is affected by temperature, these monitoring systems are required to either control the process temperature or to compensate readings according to the sample temperature.
controllers
A controller, in a computing context, is a hardware device or a software program that manages or directs the flow of data between two entities. In computing, controllers may be cards, microchips or separate hardware devices for the control of a peripheral device. In a general sense, a controller can be thought of as something or someone that interfaces between two systems and manages communications between them. Here are a few examples of controllers: A graphics card is an integrated circuit card in a computer or, in some cases, a monitor that provides digital-to-analog conversion, video RAM, and a video controller so that data can be sent to a computer's display.
control loop reduction
Closed loop control, also known as feedback control, eliminates the shortcomings of open loop control. Here, the response or the actual result is continuously compared with the desired result, and the control output to the process is modified and adjusted to reduce the deviation, thus forcing the response to follow the reference. Effects of the disturbances (external and/or internal) are automatically compensated for. This scheme is superior, complex, and expensive. It is used for more demanding applications and is commonly applied in continuous process automation as discussed in forthcoming sections.
finite volume method
The finite volume method (FVM) is a method for representing and evaluating partial differential equations in the form of algebraic equations.[1] In the finite volume method, volume integrals in a partial differential equation that contain a divergence term are converted to surface integrals, using the divergence theorem. These terms are then evaluated as fluxes at the surfaces of each finite volume. Because the flux entering a given volume is identical to that leaving the adjacent volume, these methods are conservative. Another advantage of the finite volume method is that it is easily formulated to allow for unstructured meshes. The method is used in many computational fluid dynamics packages. "Finite volume" refers to the small volume surrounding each node point on a mesh. Finite volume methods can be compared and contrasted with the finite difference methods, which approximate derivatives using nodal values, or finite element methods, which create local approximations of a solution using local data, and construct a global approximation by stitching them together. In contrast a finite volume method evaluates exact expressions for the average value of the solution over some volume, and uses this data to construct approximations of the solution within cells
fortran (input & ouput)
The Fortran programming language was one of the first (if not the first) “high level” languages developed for computers. It is referred to as a high level language to contrast it with machine language or assembly language which communicate directly with the computer’s processor with very primitive instructions. Since all that a computer can really understand are these primitive machine language instructions, a Fortran program must be translated into machine language by a special program called a Fortran compiler before it can be executed. Since the processors in various computers are not all the same, their machine languages are not all the same. For a variety of reasons, not all Fortran compilers are the same. For example, more recent Fortran compilers allow operations not allowed by earlier versions. In this chapter, we will only describe features that one can expect to have available with whatever compiler one may have available. Fortran was initially developed almost exclusively for performing numeric computations (Fortran is an acronym for “Formula Translation”), and a host of other languages (Pascal, Ada, Cobol, C, etc.) have been developed that are more suited to nonnumerical operations such as searching databases for information. Fortran has managed to adapt itself to the changing nature of computing and has survived, despite repeated predictions of its death. It is still the major language of science and is heavily used in statistical computing. The most standard version of Fortran is referred to as Fortran 77 since it is based on a standard established in 1977. A new standard was developed in 1990 that incorporates some of the useful ideas from other languages but we will restrict ourselves to Fortran 77
defect in crystals
It is a truism that the more we learn about anything the more complex that subject becomes. This is especially true of our understanding of the exact arrangement of atoms or ions which make up solid materials.The rapid development and improvement of the techniques by which defects solids are detected and characterized, and which form the subject matter of this book, have necessitated constant revision of our concepts of perfect and defective solids. It is, for example, no longer adequate to confine our attention to isolated point defects without also considering their aggregation to form more complex defect centres and eventually even separate phases, their relationship with non-stoichiometry and their interactions with each other and with the linear and planar defects with which they co-exist. Similarly, the precise structural information now available for many materials reveals that non-stoichiometric phases may exist as modulated structures in which the composition may vary in a continuous fashion to yield commensurate, semi-commensurate and incommensur-ate structures. The presence of shear planes also changes the composit-ion of non-stoichiometric phases.
snr curve
Signal-to-noise ratio (abbreviated SNR or S/N) is a measure used in science and engineering that compares the level of a desired signal to the level of background noise. SNR is defined as the ratio of signal power to the noise power, often expressed in decibels. A ratio higher than 1:1 (greater than 0 dB) indicates more signal than noise. SNR, bandwidth, and channel capacity of a communication channel are connected by the Shannon–Hartley theorem.