Stash
Subham Bera's Stashed Knowledge
phase transformation
The term phase transition (or phase change) is most commonly used to describe transitions between solid, liquid, and gaseous states of matter, as well as plasma in rare cases. A phase of a thermodynamic system and the states of matter have uniform physical properties. During a phase transition of a given medium, certain properties of the medium change, often discontinuously, as a result of the change of external conditions, such as temperature, pressure, or others. For example, a liquid may become gas upon heating to the boiling point, resulting in an abrupt change in volume. The measurement of the external conditions at which the transformation occurs is termed the phase transition. Phase transitions commonly occur in nature and are used today in many technologies.
Subham Bera
thermodynamics
we define and analyze thermodynamic limits for various traditional and work-assisted processes with finite rates, important in engineering, physics, and biology. The analysis is based on the position that in order to make thermodynamic analyses usable, it is a thermodynamic limit (e.g. a lower bound for consumption or work or heat or an upper bound for work or heat production) that must be ensured in a technology. We limit ourselves here to ‘static limits’, that is, those in steady systems. This Chapter also introduces the reader to certain controls called ‘Carnot variables’. The practical and industrial systems of interest include thermal and chemical generators of mechanical energy (engines) and the apparatus or devices in which this energy is consumed (refrigerators, heat pumps, and separators). In principle, irreversible thermodynamics is a general field suitable to evaluate such limits for processes occurring in finite time and in systems of a finite size. However, theoretical irreversible thermodynamics seldom attacks systems with explicit work flux (power) (see De Groot and Mazur, 1984 for a basic description). For the purpose of energy systems analyses, irreversible thermodynamics is most often applied in a discrete rather than a continuum form, which means that thermal fields are seldom attacked. Yet, the continua are not excluded in treatments of energy problems (Orlov and Berry, 1990, 1991a,b, 1992). A typical irreversible thermodynamics analysis of an energy system refers to a topological structure that belongs in the thermal networks (diverse units connected by appropriate links). Such structures could in principle be treated by network thermodynamics (NT; Peusner, 1986), a general field that transfers meanings and tools of electric circuit theory to macrosystems described by discrete models.
finite volume method
The finite volume method (FVM) is a method for representing and evaluating partial differential equations in the form of algebraic equations.[1] In the finite volume method, volume integrals in a partial differential equation that contain a divergence term are converted to surface integrals, using the divergence theorem. These terms are then evaluated as fluxes at the surfaces of each finite volume. Because the flux entering a given volume is identical to that leaving the adjacent volume, these methods are conservative. Another advantage of the finite volume method is that it is easily formulated to allow for unstructured meshes. The method is used in many computational fluid dynamics packages. "Finite volume" refers to the small volume surrounding each node point on a mesh. Finite volume methods can be compared and contrasted with the finite difference methods, which approximate derivatives using nodal values, or finite element methods, which create local approximations of a solution using local data, and construct a global approximation by stitching them together. In contrast a finite volume method evaluates exact expressions for the average value of the solution over some volume, and uses this data to construct approximations of the solution within cells
fortran (input & ouput)
The Fortran programming language was one of the first (if not the first) “high level” languages developed for computers. It is referred to as a high level language to contrast it with machine language or assembly language which communicate directly with the computer’s processor with very primitive instructions. Since all that a computer can really understand are these primitive machine language instructions, a Fortran program must be translated into machine language by a special program called a Fortran compiler before it can be executed. Since the processors in various computers are not all the same, their machine languages are not all the same. For a variety of reasons, not all Fortran compilers are the same. For example, more recent Fortran compilers allow operations not allowed by earlier versions. In this chapter, we will only describe features that one can expect to have available with whatever compiler one may have available. Fortran was initially developed almost exclusively for performing numeric computations (Fortran is an acronym for “Formula Translation”), and a host of other languages (Pascal, Ada, Cobol, C, etc.) have been developed that are more suited to nonnumerical operations such as searching databases for information. Fortran has managed to adapt itself to the changing nature of computing and has survived, despite repeated predictions of its death. It is still the major language of science and is heavily used in statistical computing. The most standard version of Fortran is referred to as Fortran 77 since it is based on a standard established in 1977. A new standard was developed in 1990 that incorporates some of the useful ideas from other languages but we will restrict ourselves to Fortran 77
cotter joints
Cotter joint is used to connect two rods subjected to axial tensile or compressive loads. It is not suitable to connect rotating shafts which transmit torque. Axes of the rods to be joined should be collinear. There is no relative angular movement between rods. Cotter joint is widely used to connect the piston rod and crosshead of a steam engine, as a joint between the piston rod and the tailor pump rod, foundation bolt etc
crystallization
Qualitative methods illuminate both the ordinary within the worlds of fabulous people and events and also the fabulous elements of ordinary, mundane lives. How to represent the truths we generate remains an open question. The interpretive turn in social sciences, education, and allied health fields inspired a wide variety of creative forms of representation of qualitative findings, including narratives, poetry, personal essays, performances, and mixed-genre/ multimedia texts as alternatives to the hegemony of traditional social scientific research reporting strategies that pervaded the academy (e.g., Denzin, 1997). At the same time, scholars updated traditionally positivist or postpositivist approaches to grounded theory (inductive, constant comparative) analysis (Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Strauss & Corbin, 1990) by bringing them around the interpretive turn and situating them in social constructivist (Charmaz, 2000), ONE 1 01-Ellingson-45623:01-Ellingson-45623 7/2/2008 2:50 PM Page 1 postmodern (Clarke, 2005), and social justice/activist (Charmaz, 2005) frameworks. In both inductive analytic (e.g., grounded theory) and more artistic approaches to qualitative research, researchers abandoned claims of objectivity in favor of focusing on the situated researcher and the social construction of meaning
snr curve
Signal-to-noise ratio (abbreviated SNR or S/N) is a measure used in science and engineering that compares the level of a desired signal to the level of background noise. SNR is defined as the ratio of signal power to the noise power, often expressed in decibels. A ratio higher than 1:1 (greater than 0 dB) indicates more signal than noise. SNR, bandwidth, and channel capacity of a communication channel are connected by the Shannon–Hartley theorem.
boiling heat transfer
Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy (heat) between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes. Engineers also consider the transfer of mass of differing chemical species, either cold or hot, to achieve heat transfer. While these mechanisms have distinct characteristics, they often occur simultaneously in the same system. Heat conduction, also called diffusion, is the direct microscopic exchange of kinetic energy of particles through the boundary between two systems. When an object is at a different temperature from another body or its surroundings, heat flows so that the body and the surroundings reach the same temperature, at which point they are in thermal equilibrium. Such spontaneous heat transfer always occurs from a region of high temperature to another region of lower temperature, as described in the second law of thermodynamics. Heat convection occurs when bulk flow of a fluid (gas or liquid) carries heat along with the flow of matter in the fluid. The flow of fluid may be forced by external processes, or sometimes (in gravitational fields) by buoyancy forces caused when thermal energy expands the fluid (for example in a fire plume), thus influencing its own transfer. The latter process is often called "natural convection". All convective processes also move heat partly by diffusion, as well. Another form of convection is forced convection. In this case the fluid is forced to flow by use of a pump, fan or other mechanical means. Thermal radiation occurs through a vacuum or any transparent medium (solid or fluid or gas). It is the transfer of energy by means of photons in electromagnetic waves governed by the same laws.[1]
PARTICLE SIZE ANALYZER
The better you know your particles, the better you can predict your materials’ behavior. Parameters you want to measure for these investigations include particle size, pore size, particle shape, internal structure, zeta potential, surface area, reactive area, density, powder flow, and many more. Anton Paar offers you instrumentation for all of them and more – it’s the broadest particle characterization portfolio available from one single provider worldwide. Make use of this wide choice and also benefit from decade-long expertise in the field – all at only one point of contact.
newton interpolation formulae
Here, I posted a few questions on newton interpolation formulae. Hope it may help you.
particle technology and seperation process
here, I posted a book on 'particle technology and seperation process'. It will help u to solve all kinds of problems. Go through this book.
mechanical lab note book
I have posted a lab experiment and results of mechanical operation. Hope, this may help you.