Knowledge in Chartered Accountancy

Audit overview

Here is a write up for the overview to understand the working of Audit.

HOW TO FACE CA

How to Face CA Exams

Business law

Business law relating to contract, sales, negotiaiton and bailment.

SAMPLE PROFIT & LOSS

Sample profit & loss statement A Profit & Loss Statement (P&L) measures the activity of a business over a period of time – usually a month, a quarter, or a year. This financial report may have several different names: profit & loss, P&L, income statement, statement of revenues and expenses, or even the operating statement. The P&L basically tells you revenue, expenses, profit, and loss. Keep in mind that in almost all circumstances, profit is not the same thing as cash flow. The basic formula for the profit-and-loss statement is: Revenues – expenses = net profit. P&L statements generally follow this format: Revenues – Operating (variable) expenses = Gross profit (operating) margin – Overhead (fixed expenses) = Operating income +/– Other income or expense (non-operating) = Pre-tax income – Income taxes = Net income (after taxes) Here are definitions of these categories: Revenue is the money you receive in payment for your products or services. Operating, or variable, expenses are the expenses that rise or fall based on your sales volume. Gross profit margin or operating margin is the amount left when you subtract operating expenses from revenues. Overhead, or fixed, expenses are costs that don’t vary much month-to-month and don’t rise or fall with the number of sales you make. Examples might include salaries of office staff, rent, or insurance. Operating income is income after deducting operating and overhead expense. Other income or expenses (non-operating) generally don’t relate to the operating side of the business, rather to how the management finances the business. Other income might include interest or dividends from company investments, for example.  Other expenses might include interest paid on loans. Pre-tax income is income before federal and state governments take their share. Income taxes How income tax is shown on the P&L varies based on the type of legal entity.  For example, a C corporation almost always shows income tax expense, but S corporations, partnerships, LLCs, and sole proprietorships rarely show income tax expense on the P&L. Net income (after taxes) is the final amount on most profit-and-loss statements. It represents the net total profit earned by the business during the period, above and beyond all related costs and expenses. Here’s a simple example of a Profit & Loss Statement: Sample Company, Inc. Sample Profit & Loss Statement August 1-31, 2010 Operating Revenue Product sales$12,000 Service sales$3,000 Total Operating Revenue$15,000 Operating Expenses Cost of goods sold$7,000 Gross Profit$8,000 Overhead Rent$1,500 Insurance$250 Office supplies$150 Utilities$100 Total Overhead$2,000 Operating Income$6,000 Other Income (Expenses) Loan interest($500) Earnings Before Income Taxes$5,500 Income Taxes$500 Net Earnings$5,000 Manage your business expenses Categorize expenses Create a review schedule Establish goals The consequences of a smaller company spending too much are far greater than for larger companies. If you own a small business it’s especially important to control expenses.  Here are some tips for taking an organized, logical approach to managing your expenses: Categorize your expenses as short-term, long-term or fixed.  What’s the difference between the three? Short-term items are things like wages for part-time and seasonal workers, because these may change within a six-month period. Long-term expenses are items such as leases and contracts with vendors, which may last up to a year. Fixed costs, such as mortgage payments, rarely change. After categorizing your expenses, rank them in descending order of cost within each group.  This process will help you see more clearly where your money is going. Create a schedule to review the items in each expense category. Look at your short-term expenses more frequently than your long-term costs because you can make changes to these more easily.  If you are successful cutting costs in one area, see if you can transfer your strategy to another area of your business. Establish goals for reducing each expense category by a manageable percentage.  If you have employees, assign someone to meet each cost-cutting goal, or consider rewarding employees for finding ways to cut costs.

Differences

Pertpetual and periodic Inventory System

Accountancy Notes BBA 1st Year

These file contains Accountancy notes for BCOM BBA and rest Financial Students Notes. very easy notes please study as per your requirement and syllabus only.

Accounting Fundamental Question Paper

This File contains question paper of Accounting Fundamental usually taught to BBA or BCOM students.

Notes of Introduction to Accounting, role of Accounting, Economics Events, Accountancy

This clip contains Notes of Introduction to Accounting , role of Accounting, Economic Events etc which is covered under the subject of Accountancy.

Notes of Overall Cost of Capital

This clip contains notes of Overall Cost of Capital, Corporate Finance.

Notes of Management Accounting

This clip contains notes of Management Accounting, standard Costing.

What is Account ?

Definitions of AccountIn accounting, an account is a record in the general ledger that is used to sort and store transactions. For example, companies will have a Cash account in which to record every transaction that increases or decreases the company's cash. Another account, Sales, will collect all of the amounts from the sale of merchandise. Most accounting systems require that every transaction will affect two or more accounts. For example, a cash sale will increase the Cash account and will increase the Sales account.The term account is also used in transactions where suppliers sell goods to customers and grant credit terms such as net 10 days. In those situations, a supplier is selling goods on account and the customer has purchased goods on account. The supplier has also increased the balance in it's current asset  account entitled Accounts Receivable and the customer will increase the balance in its current liability account entitled Accounts Payable.