Knowledge in Computer Architecture
Parellel Connections - Computer Netwrok
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Prince S. Malav
Serial Connections - Computer Network
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The Memory Heirarchy - computer Network
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Visual Output - Computer Network
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Wide Area network - Computer Network
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Windows XP - Operating System
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ARM PROCESSOR
arm proessor
Anirudh Pareek
Microprocessor
microprocessor
Architecture of DBMS
The design of a DBMS depends on its architecture. It can be centralized or decentralized or hierarchical. The architecture of a DBMS can be seen as either single tier or multi-tier. An n-tier architecture divides the whole system into related but independent nmodules, which can be independently modified, altered, changed, or replaced.In 1-tier architecture, the DBMS is the only entity where the user directly sits on the DBMS and uses it. Any changes done here will directly be done on the DBMS itself. It does not provide handy tools for end-users. Database designers and programmers normally prefer to use single-tier architecture.If the architecture of DBMS is 2-tier, then it must have an application through which the DBMS can be accessed. Programmers use 2-tier architecture where they access the DBMS by means of an application. Here the application tier is entirely independent of the database in terms of operation, design, and programming.3-tier ArchitectureA 3-tier architecture separates its tiers from each other based on the complexity of the users and how they use the data present in the database. It is the most widely used architecture to design a DBMS.Database (Data) Tier − At this tier, the database resides along with its query processing languages. We also have the relations that define the data and their constraints at this level.Application (Middle) Tier − At this tier reside the application server and the programs that access the database. For a user, this application tier presents an abstracted view of the database. End-users are unaware of any existence of the database beyond the application. At the other end, the database tier is not aware of any other user beyond the application tier. Hence, the application layer sits in the middle and acts as a mediator between the end-user and the database.User (Presentation) Tier − End-users operate on this tier and they know nothing about any existence of the database beyond this layer. At this layer, multiple views of the database can be provided by the application. All views are generated by applications that reside in the application tier.Multiple-tier database architecture is highly modifiable, as almost all its components are independent and can be changed independently.
Ritasri Maity
Basic Computer Knowledge
Basic of Computer: Computers are now affecting every sphere of human activity and bringing about many changes in industry government education medicine scientific research la social sciences and even in arts like music and painting.They are presently used among other applications,to Design buildings,bridges and machines,Control space vehicles,Assit in railway reservation,Control inventories to minimize material cost, Grade examinations and process results,Aid in teaching,Systematically store and quickly retrieve data on land records,Play games like chess and vedio games.In a model of computer in which different units input unit take the data from the user and store in memory unit cpu unit is process the data and produce output to user.Computers features have to process instructions very simply and fastly add,subtract,read a character write a character compare numbers characters etc.Most of the instructions less than millionth of second.Instructions are carried out without any mistakes.Computer is solve the problems is analyzed.The method is used to solve the problems is broken down into a seqence of elementary tasks.The computer program fed to the computer.The computer processing unit interprets the instrucion in program,executes them and sends the results to output unit.Flowchart having obtained algorithm for soving the problem,we express the algorithm in a pictorial form called a flowchart.A program is to express the flowchart in a more precise and concise notation called a programming language.Working of computer will asuume that is first read by input unitr and stored in the computer's memory.The data process namely as set of papers each with aroll number and marks are queued up at the input unit in the order in which they would be used by the flowcharts.Storing program in memory also makes the operation of computer automatic.
Mousumi Manna
Generations of Computers
First Generation:The first large electronic computer was completed in 1946 by a team lad by eckert and Mauchly at the University of Pennysylvania in U.S.A.This computer called electronic numerical integrator and caclulator(ENIAC) used high speed vaccum tubes switching devices.It had a very small memory and was designed primarily to calculate the switching devices. Second Generation:A big revolution in electronics took place with in the invention of transistors by Bardeen,Brattain and shockely in 1947.Trasistors made of germaninium semiconductos material weee highly reliable compared to tubes since trasistors had no filament to burnj.They occupied less space and used only a tenth of the power required by tubes.They also could switch from a 0,1 to a 1 state in a few microseconds about tenth of time needed by tubes.Third Generation: The third generation began in 1965 with germanium trasistors being replaced by silicon transistors.Integrated circuits circuits consisting of trasistors resistors and capacitors grown on a single chip of silicon eliminating wired interconnectin between components emerged.Fourth Generation:First decade(1876-1985)The fourth generation may be identified by the the advent of the microprocessor chip.Medium scale integrated circuits yieleded Large-scale Integrated (VLSI)circuits packing about 50000 transistors in a chip.Magnetic core memories were replced by semiconductors memories.In SECONd PHASE(1986-2000)the sewcond phase of fourth generation has seen a relentless increase in the speed of microprocessors and the size of main memory.The speed of microprocessors and the size ofmain memory and hard disk went up by a factor 4 every 3 years. Fifth Generation:It was early 90's that anew generartion computer will emerge which will have an architecture radically different from Von Neumann architecture. The goal was to have a machine which will allow specification oriented programming and incorporate artificial intelligence features.Meanwhile th relentless increase in number of trasistors which could be palced in a single chip went on.A processor architecture called very large instruction word (VLIW)processor with an instruction size of 128 to 256 bits and which can execute several parallel instruction emerged.
Computer Organisation and Design (Memory Hierarchy)
This is clip that contains the notes of computer architecture and design of the memory hierarchy part. It contains all the appropriate diagrams and examples of the contents.such as memory hierarchy, auxiliary memory and cache memory.
Sai Sarthak Mohapatra