Knowledge in ecology

Population structure

Population refers to the individuals living or inhabiting in the same area at the same time.Its dynamics depends upon age,density,dispersion,size & speciation. Factors of population: 1.Natality:no. of individuals added through birth. 2.Mortality:no. of individuals removed through death. Population density:no. of individuals in a population per unit habit area.It depends on structure ,age & mating. A speciation in a population dynamics involves generation or formation of new species through evolution that may occur in a particular geographical area. Types of speciation: 1.Sympatric:When new & existing species live in same geographical area at same time period. 2.Allopatric:When different species live in diiferent geographical ares but at same period of time. 3.Parapatric:Addition of new species to a new geographical area which may lead to positive & negative interactions between population groups which may lead to deletion of a few selected species. Population dispersion can be in the form of cluster,clump,uniform or random. Fluctuation in a population may occur due to environmental changes. Population studies are represented as demographs,Its a graphical way of representing population statics,they are usually related to  a no. of 1000 or more.They can be in the form of stable,expanding or declining structure. Population growth depends on biotic & abiotic factors,they are charachterised as both generalised & logical.In generalised form there are four phases such the lag phase which is the early growth phase,log phase which is the exponential phase,stationary or stable phase & declining or death phase.In logical form,it is assumed that more  no. of population are found in that particular period of time. Survivalship curve refers to an organisms adapatation & its ability to reproduce naturally under a given duration of time which later on represented in the form of a graph. Factors influencing population growth are natural calamities,birth & death rate,increased predation,competetion for food & other resources & disease.  

Air Pollution Control Notes

This note contains air pollution controlling system and management

Population and Growth

Population and its growth notes for environmental studies

Ecology Term Paper

Term Paper of Ecology subject of MCA

Ecosystem and Food Chain

Ecosystem and Food chain and its characteristics, you will know about these things in this note.

Ecology MCQ Question and Answer

Multiple Choice Questions and Answers of Ecology subjects

Biodiversity

Biodiversity can be defined as the occurrence of different types of Gene's,gene pools, species,habitats and ecosystem in a given region.In this hand written note you will know about its type, What happen when we loss biodiversity and some other info

ESSENTIALS OF ECOLOGY

Essentials of ecology a reference book by G. TYLER MILLER, JR. SCOTT E. SPOOLMAN containing everything about ecology from enviromental problems to sustainable development

ECOLOGICAL CONCEPTS

it contains concept of ecology and many more like diversity ,living organism and nonliving organism.

ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEM

These are the notes of the subject of Environmental Science for engineering and are targeted to the subtopic of Ecology and Ecosystem. These will prove beneficial to both FY and SY Engineering students of all branches and help them to score good marks in their exams. NC: NIT WARANGAL

ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS

An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation of the relationship between the different living organisms at different trophic levels. It was given by G.Evylen Hutchinson and Raymond Lindeman. It can be observed that these pyramids are in the shape of actual pyramids with the base being the broadest, which is covered by the lowest trophic level, i.e., producers. The next level is occupied by the next trophic level, i.e., the primary consumers and so on. All the calculations for the construction of these types of ecological pyramids must take into account all the organisms in a particular trophic level because a sample space of a few numbers or a few species will end up giving a huge level of errors.