Knowledge in geography answer
Abhiyan Civil Services
Geography Chapter 13 Water
Notes for geography chapter water. Class 11.
Pranjal Batra
Movement of Ocean Water Class 11 Geography
Notes of Movement of Ocean Water Class 11 Geography.
Water in the Atmosphere
Class 11 Geography notes of Water in the Atmosphere.
LIFE ON THE EARTH CHAPTER NOTES
Notes for chapter 4 LIFE ON THE EARTH. Class 11.
Composition and structure of atmosphere.
Notes of Composition and structure of atmosphere. Class 11
Geomorphic Processes class 11 notes
Notes for geography Geomorphic Processes Class 11.
LANDFORMS AND THEIR EVOLUTION
Notes for Composition and structure of atmosphere. Class 11th.
Solar Radiation, Heat balance and Temperature.
Notes for Solar Radiation, Heat balance and Temperature.
The Northern Mountains (Himalaya)
The Northern Mountains (Himalayas)The Himalayan Mountains form the northern mountain region of India.They are the highest mountain ranges in the world.These mountain ranges start from Pamir Knot in the west and extend up to Purvanchal in the east.Youngest & Loftiest mountain range of the worldFormed by Tectonic Forces & are 2400 Km in LengthAre of varying width → from 400 Km in Kashmir to 160 Km Arunachal PradeshAltitudinal variations are greater in the eastern part than in the western partProminent Features → Highest peaks, Deep valleys & Gorges, Glaciers etc.The Himalayan Mountains can be further divided into following major ranges -Trans Himalayas Immediate to the north of the Great Himalayan RangeMost of the part of this Himalayan range lies in the Tibet and hence also called Tibetan HimalayaRanges →Zaskar, K2 (Godwin Austin), Ladakh, Kailash and Karakoram RangeGreater Himalaya (Inner Himalaya) Always covered with snow →Known as HimadriAverage height →6000 mtsMost continuous rangeCore composed of graniteRanges → Mt. Everest, KanchenjungaForests type →Needle leaved coniferousMiddle Himalaya Average height → 3500 – 4500 mtsMost of the valleys & hill stations are located in this range e.g. Kashmir, Kathmandu , NainitalRanges →Pir Panjal, Dhaula Dhar, MahabharatForests type →Broad leaved evergreenOuter Himalaya (Shivalik Range/ Himachals) Average height →600 – 1200 mtsMost of the Dun & Duars are located in this rangeEx. Dehradun, Patlidun (longitudinal valleys)Deciduous type forests
Oisiki Bag
Eastern hills / Purvanchal
Eastern hills / PurvanchalBrahmaputra marks the eastern border of the Himalayas.Beyond the Dihang gorge, the Himalayas bend sharply towards south and form the Eastern hills or Purvanchal which run through the NE India & are mostly composed of sandstonesMishmi hills, Patkai Hills, Naga Hills, Manipuri Hills and Mizo HillsClassification of Himalayas on the basis of Geographic LocationPunjab Himalayas / Kashmir Himalaya / Himachal Himalaya → Between the Indus and SutlejKumaon Himalayas → Between Sutlej and Kali riversNepal Himalayas → Between Kali and Tista riversAssam Himalayas → Between Tista and Dihang rivers Significance of Himalayas for IndiaStrategic significanceActs as a natural frontier of India with other countries (China, Pakistan, Afghanistan)Climatic significance Prevent further northward movement of summer monsoon and also prevent cold northern winds from Siberia to enter into IndiaAgricultural significanceRivers from Himalayas deposits a lot of sediment on its foothold, from which are formed India’s most fertile agricultural grounds known as Northern plainsEconomic significanceHuge hydro-electric power potential of Himalayan rivers + Himalayan timber + Himalayan Herbs & Medicinal plantsTourism SignificanceComprises of Large ecological biodiversity, natural views & hill stations
The North Indian Plain
The North Indian PlainFormed by depositional work of Rivers viz. Indus, Ganga & Brahamputra2400 km long & varying in width from 240 to approx. 320 kmDivided into three sections, viz. the Punjab Plain (Indus), the Ganga Plain and the Brahmaputra PlainPunjab PlainsFormed by the Indus and its tributaries with major portion of this plains in PakistanGanga PlainsBetween Ghaggar and Tista rivers (Haryana, Delhi, UP, Bihar, part of Jharkhand and West Bengal lie in the Ganga plains)Brahmaputra PlainsFrom Tista to Dihang with major portion lying in AssamNorthern plains subdivisionsBhabhar Lies along foothills of Shiwaliks, From Indus to TistaLaid down by streams coming from hillsComprises of pebble studded rocks (Highly porous bed plain)Due to high porosity, streams disappears here Tarai Lies south of Bhabhar & runs parallel to itMarked by re-emergence of underground streams of Bhabhar beltHighly alluvial & agricultural landHas a high water table due to groundwater percolating down from the adjacent zoneKhadar Flood plains with newer alluvium deposited by flood almost every yearMarked with fertile soilZone of intensive agricultureNon porous, clayey and loamyBhangarAlluvial terrace lying above the level of flood plainsComposed of the oldest alluvial soilcoarse in nature, contain kankar (lime nodules), pebbles, gravelsSoil of this region is locally known as kankar viz. calcareous concretions