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THERMODYNAMICS BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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Thermodynamics notes

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Psychometric processes

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THERMODYNAMICS

The initial application of thermodynamics to mechanical heat engines was quickly extended to the study of chemical compounds and chemical reactions. Chemical thermodynamics studies the nature of the role of entropy in the process of chemical reactions and has provided the bulk of expansion and knowledge of the field. Other formulations of thermodynamics emerged. Statistical thermodynamics, or statistical mechanics, concerns itself with statistical predictions of the collective motion of particles from their microscopic behavior. In 1909, Constantin Carathéodory presented a purely mathematical approach in an axiomatic formulation, a description often referred to as geometrical thermodynamics.

thermodynamics

we define and analyze thermodynamic limits for various traditional and work-assisted processes with finite rates, important in engineering, physics, and biology. The analysis is based on the position that in order to make thermodynamic analyses usable, it is a thermodynamic limit (e.g. a lower bound for consumption or work or heat or an upper bound for work or heat production) that must be ensured in a technology. We limit ourselves here to ‘static limits’, that is, those in steady systems. This Chapter also introduces the reader to certain controls called ‘Carnot variables’. The practical and industrial systems of interest include thermal and chemical generators of mechanical energy (engines) and the apparatus or devices in which this energy is consumed (refrigerators, heat pumps, and separators). In principle, irreversible thermodynamics is a general field suitable to evaluate such limits for processes occurring in finite time and in systems of a finite size. However, theoretical irreversible thermodynamics seldom attacks systems with explicit work flux (power) (see De Groot and Mazur, 1984 for a basic description). For the purpose of energy systems analyses, irreversible thermodynamics is most often applied in a discrete rather than a continuum form, which means that thermal fields are seldom attacked. Yet, the continua are not excluded in treatments of energy problems (Orlov and Berry, 1990, 1991a,b, 1992). A typical irreversible thermodynamics analysis of an energy system refers to a topological structure that belongs in the thermal networks (diverse units connected by appropriate links). Such structures could in principle be treated by network thermodynamics (NT; Peusner, 1986), a general field that transfers meanings and tools of electric circuit theory to macrosystems described by discrete models.