cotter joints
Cotter joint is used to connect two rods subjected to axial tensile or compressive loads. It is not suitable to connect rotating shafts which transmit torque. Axes of the rods to be joined should be collinear. There is no relative angular movement between rods. Cotter joint is widely used to connect the piston rod and crosshead of a steam engine, as a joint between the piston rod and the tailor pump rod, foundation bolt etc
Subham Bera
matlab
The end of this document contains two useful sections: a Glossary which contains the brief summary of the commands and built-in functions as well as a collection of release notes. The release notes, which include several new features of the Release 14 with Service Pack 2, well known as R14SP2, can also be found in Appendix. All of the MATLAB commands have been tested to take advantage with new features of the current version of MATLAB available here at Northwestern (R14SP2). Although, most of the examples and exercises still work with previous releases as well. This manual reflects the ongoing effort of the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science leading by Dean Stephen Carr to institute a significant technical computing in the Engineering First°R 2 courses taught at Northwestern University. Finally, the students - Engineering Analysis (EA) Section - deserve my special gratitude. They were very active participants in class.
phase transformation
The term phase transition (or phase change) is most commonly used to describe transitions between solid, liquid, and gaseous states of matter, as well as plasma in rare cases. A phase of a thermodynamic system and the states of matter have uniform physical properties. During a phase transition of a given medium, certain properties of the medium change, often discontinuously, as a result of the change of external conditions, such as temperature, pressure, or others. For example, a liquid may become gas upon heating to the boiling point, resulting in an abrupt change in volume. The measurement of the external conditions at which the transformation occurs is termed the phase transition. Phase transitions commonly occur in nature and are used today in many technologies.
thermodynamics
we define and analyze thermodynamic limits for various traditional and work-assisted processes with finite rates, important in engineering, physics, and biology. The analysis is based on the position that in order to make thermodynamic analyses usable, it is a thermodynamic limit (e.g. a lower bound for consumption or work or heat or an upper bound for work or heat production) that must be ensured in a technology. We limit ourselves here to ‘static limits’, that is, those in steady systems. This Chapter also introduces the reader to certain controls called ‘Carnot variables’. The practical and industrial systems of interest include thermal and chemical generators of mechanical energy (engines) and the apparatus or devices in which this energy is consumed (refrigerators, heat pumps, and separators). In principle, irreversible thermodynamics is a general field suitable to evaluate such limits for processes occurring in finite time and in systems of a finite size. However, theoretical irreversible thermodynamics seldom attacks systems with explicit work flux (power) (see De Groot and Mazur, 1984 for a basic description). For the purpose of energy systems analyses, irreversible thermodynamics is most often applied in a discrete rather than a continuum form, which means that thermal fields are seldom attacked. Yet, the continua are not excluded in treatments of energy problems (Orlov and Berry, 1990, 1991a,b, 1992). A typical irreversible thermodynamics analysis of an energy system refers to a topological structure that belongs in the thermal networks (diverse units connected by appropriate links). Such structures could in principle be treated by network thermodynamics (NT; Peusner, 1986), a general field that transfers meanings and tools of electric circuit theory to macrosystems described by discrete models.
an oil refinary
An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is transformed and refined into more useful products such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, jet fuel and fuel oils.[1][2][3] Petrochemicals feed stock like ethylene and propylene can also be produced directly by cracking crude oil without the need of using refined products of crude oil such as naphtha.[4][5] Oil refineries are typically large, sprawling industrial complexes with extensive piping running throughout, carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units, such as distillation columns. In many ways, oil refineries use much of the technology, and can be thought of, as types of chemical plants. The crude oil feedstock has typically been processed by an oil production plant. There is usually an oil depot at or near an oil refinery for the storage of incoming crude oil feedstock as well as bulk liquid products. Petroleum refineries are very large industrial complexes that involve many different processing units and auxiliary facilities such as utility units and storage tanks. Each refinery has its own unique arrangement and combination of refining processes largely determined by the refinery location, desired products and economic considerations. An oil refinery is considered an essential part of the downstream side of the petroleum industry.
computer language
Are you aiming to become a software engineer one day? Do you also want to develop a mobile application that people all over the world would love to use? Are you passionate enough to take the big step to enter the world of programming? Then you are in the right place because through this article you will get a brief introduction to programming. Now before we understand what programming is, you must know what is a computer. A computer is a device that can accept human instruction, processes it and responds to it or a computer is a computational device which is used to process the data under the control of a computer program. Program is a sequence of instruction along with data. The basic components of a computer are: Input unit Central Processing Unit(CPU) Output unit
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT "ALL WEATHER SOLAR CELLS"
Solar cells have been considered as one of the foremost solutions to energy and environmental problems because of clean, high efficiency, cost‐effective, and inexhaustible features. The historical development and state‐of‐the‐art solar cells mainly focus on elevating photoelectric conversion efficiency upon direct sunlight illumination. It is still a challenging problem to realize persistent high‐efficiency power generation in rainy, foggy, haze, and dark‐light conditions (night). The physical proof‐of‐concept for all‐weather solar cells opens a door for an upcoming photovoltaic revolution. Our group has been exploring constructive routes to build all‐weather solar cells so that these advanced photovoltaic technologies can be an indication for global solar industry in bringing down the cost of energy harvesting. How the all‐weather solar cells are built without reducing photo performances and why such architectures can realize electricity outputs with no visible‐light are discussed. Potential pathways and opportunities to enrich all‐weather solar cell families are envisaged. The aspects discussed here may enable researchers to develop undiscovered abilities and to explore wide applications of advanced photovoltaics.
JOINT PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
Joint probability is the probability of two events happening together. The two events are usually designated event A and event B. In probability terminology, it can be written as: p(A and B) or p(A ∩ B) Joint probability is also called the intersection of two (or more) events. The intersection can be represented by a Venn diagram: joint probability A Venn diagram intersection shows the intersection of events A and B happening together
DETERMINATION OF DIFFUSIVITY OF A VOLATILE LIQUID IN AIR BY STEFAN TUBE METHOD
Diffusion is of fundamental importance in many disciplines of physics, chemistry, and biology. Some example applications of diffusion: Sintering to produce solid materials (powder metallurgy, production of ceramics) Chemical reactor design Catalyst design in chemical industry Steel can be diffused (e.g., with carbon or nitrogen) to modify its properties Doping during production of semiconductors.SO WE NEED TO DO THAT EXPERIMENT
CO-RELATION AND REGRESSION
REGRESSION ANALYSIS IS A RELIABLE METHOD OF IDENTIFYING WHICH VARIABLES HAVE IMPACT ON THE TOPIC OF INTEREST. THE PROCESS OF PERFORMING A REGRESSION ALLOWS TO CONFIDENTLY DETERMINE WHICH FACTOR MATTER MOST AND WHICH CAN BE IGNORED, AND HOW THEY INFLUENCE TO EACH OTHER.
SOME PROBLEMS ON MACHINE DESIGN
Machine Design is defined as the use of imagination, scientific principles and engineering techniques to create a machine or structure economically, in order to satisfy the requirements of a customer. Machine design is the first step involved in creation of a machine. It gives the basic idea of how a machine will look and function. Read more: http://mechteacher.com/machine-design-introduction/#ixzz6SnSNMF1V
STATISTICAL INTERSEREENCE
STATISTICAL INTERFERENCE IS IMPORTANT IN ORDER TO ANALYZE DATA PROPERLY. INDEED, PROPER DATA ANALYSIS IS NECESSARY TO INTERPRET RESEARCH RESULTS AND TO DRAW APPROPRIATE CONCLUSIONS.