MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
metal cutting , metal removing process, types of metal cutting process, orthogonal cutting oblique cutting cutting tools types of machine tools types of rake angle tool signature chip formation mechanism of metal cutting types of chips chip breakers merchant circle diagram of forces cutting tool materials classification of tool users tool life factors affecting tool life cutting fluids
Shantha Kumar . V
Soil conservation Engineering and Watershed management
Unit 1. Lands Degradation Problems in Nepal 1.1 Introduction to land degradation and its consequences 1.2 Water Erosion Erosion is a process of detaching soil particles from the land surface of one place and their transportation and deposition to another place. Three Processes of Erosion : 1. Detachment Process depends upon type of soil, OM, moisture, nature of detaching agents (energy). 2. Transportation Process depends upon size, density and shape of detached materials and velocity of the transporting agent. 3. Deposition Soil that is eroded from the original location is always deposited somewhere else. This may be close to its place of origin position, it may be the longest distance down to the sea or at any point between the place of origin to the sea. Process depends upon soil particles and velocity of the agent. Example: -- Coarse sand particles in eroded soil move the shortest distance and deposit first. -- Fine sand and silt deposit next as run-off water slows down. -- Some very fine silts settle out only in standing water. -- Very fine clay and colloidal humus will not settle out even in standing water but stay suspended in the water indefinitely 1.2.1 Types of water erosion Geological (Natural/ normal) Geological ( Natural/ normal ) erosion are caused by : action of water, geology, wind, temperature, gravity, glaciers, earth quakes. Examples are : Naturally wearing away of hills and mountains: sculptured hills/ mountains, canyons/gorge , stream channels, deltas etc. Man-made ( Accelerated ) Man-made ( Accelerated erosion are caused by : human or anthropogenic activities. Change in land use, destruction of natural cover and soil conditions are main elements responsible for accelerated erosion. Agents responsible for Soil Erosion are : Water, Wind and Gavity
Concept and Goals of Seed Technology
Introduction The history of agricultural progress from the early days of man has been the history of seeds of new crops and crop varieties brought under cultivation. In the early days it was achieved through the cultivation of indigenous but useful plants and those taken through introductions. Later through the well known techniques of selection, hybridization, mutation, polyploidization and plant biotechnology the scientists made available many new and better varieties. However, to the farmer all this scientific research would be of little value unless he gets seeds, which are genetically pure, high germination percentage and vigour, high purity, sound health etc., When the farmers do not get seeds possessing these qualities the yields they obtain may not be as expected. The pace of progress in production therefore, will largely depend upon the speed with which we are able to multiply and market good quality seeds of high yielding varieties. Definitions of Seed Technology Cowan (1973) identified seed technology as “that discipline of study having to do with seed production, maintenance, quality and preservation”. Feistritzer (1975) defined seed technology as the methods through which the genetic and physical characteristics of seeds could be improved. It involves such activities as variety development, evaluation and release, seed production, processing, storage and certification. Thus seed technology is essentially an inter disciplinary science which encompasses broad range of subjects. In its broadest sense,” seed technology includes the development of superior crop plant varieties, their evaluation and release, seed production, seed processing, seed storage, seed testing, seed certification, seed quality control, seed marketing and distribution and research on seed physiology, seed production and seed handling based upon modern botanical and agricultural sciences”. In a narrow sense “seed technology comprises techniques of seed production, seed processing, seed storage, seed testing and certification, seed marketing and distribution and the related research on these aspects”.
SOURCES OF FARM POWER
A farm power for various agricultural operations can be broadly classified as: (1) Tractive work such as seed bed preparation, cultivation, harvesting and transportation, and (2) Stationary work like silage cutting, feed grinding, threshing, winnowing and lifting of irrigation water. These operations are done by different sources of power, namely human, animal, oil engine, tractor, power tiller, electricity and renewable energy (biogas, solar and wind). HUMAN POWER Human beings are the main source of power for operating small tools and implements. They are also employed for doing stationary work like threshing, winnowing, chaff cutting and lifting irrigation Water. It is generally believed that there is surplus human power available for agricultural operations in India. According to 2001 census figures, the total Indian rural population is about 74 crores. Of the total rural population only 30 per cent is available for doing farm work. Hence the total number of persons available would be about 74 x 0.30 = 22.2 crores. This figure includes both the landless labourers as well as the owners of farms in the country. On the average a man develops nearly 0.I horsepower (hp.). Therefore, the total power available through human source may be about 2.2 crore hp. But there is a steady decline in the number of landless labourers available for doing farm work in rural areas.
FARM MECHANIZATION
Mechanized agriculture is the process of using agricultural machinery to mechanize the work of agriculture, greatly increasing farm worker productivity. The effective mechanization contributes to increase production in two major ways: firstly the timeliness of operation and secondly the good quality of work. The requirement of power for certain operations like seedbed preparation, cultivation and harvesting becomes so great that the existing human and animal power in the country appears to be inadequate. As a result, the operations are either partially done or sometimes completely neglected, resulting in low yield due to poor growth or untimely harvesting or both. SCOPE OF MECHANIZATION It is quite true that the Indian farmers have the lowest earnings per capita because of the low yield per hectare they get from their holdings. One of the few important means of increasing farm production per hectare is to mechanize it. Mechanization in India may have to be done at various levels. Broadly, it can be done in three different ways: I. By introducing the improved agricultural implements on small size holdings to be operated by bullocks. II. By using the small tractors, tractor-drawn machines and power tillers on medium holdings to supplement existing sources. III. By using the large size tractors and machines on the remaining holdings to supplement animal power source. But many people are of the opinion that Indian agriculture cannot be fully mechanized. Only the improved animal-drawn implements should be introduced. It is felt that 1. There is a surplus of agricultural labour in India. 2. There are enough draft animals available in the country to do the farm work effectively. 3. The size of farm holdings of the majority of the Indian farmers is too small to justify the use of a tractor on their farms. 4. The investing capacity, of the farmers is too poor to buy a tractor and tractor-drawn implements. 5. The technical know-how of the people in the country is low. 6. In the absence of suitable farm road system, the tractor and tractor-drawn machines cannot be effectively utilized under the present conditions. 7. It will not be possible to increase the yield by using mechanical power.
Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems
Introduction 1 Agricultural Heritage Systems 2 Custodians of Our Agricultural Heritage 5 A Global Partnership Initiative 7 Remarkable characteristics of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) 9 Climate Change and Agricultural Heritage Systems 13 Heritage for the Future 15 GIAHS pilot systems around the world 18 Chiloe agriculture system (Chiloe Island, Chile) 19 Andean agriculture system (The Cuzco-Puno corridor, Peru) 21 Ifugao Rice Terraces (Philippines) 24 Rice-Fish culture (Qingtian county, China) 26 Hani Rice Terraces (China) 28 Wannian traditional rice culture (China) 32 Oases of the Maghreb (El Oued, Algeria and Gafsa, Tunisia) 33 The Maasai pastoral system (Kenya and Tanzania) 35 Rewarding traditional farmers as providers of ecological and cultural services 37 Opportunities for promoting dynamic conservation of globally important agricultural heritage systems 38 Conclusions and Way Forward for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development
crop improvement
Rice: The Central Sub-committee on Crop Standards, Notification and Release of Varieties released two hybrids (Sahyadri 4 and GK 5003) and eight varieties (Akshaydhan, Varadhan, Sampada, Pushyami, Pusa Basmati 6, Gontra Bidhan 1, Amal mana and CR Dhan 40). The State Variety Release Committees have recommended 16 varieties and one hybrid for different situations in 6 states. Based on three years of testing (2006–08) in Varieties released by Central and State Variety Release Committees during 2008–09 Variety Grain type Ecosystem Resistant to pests/diseases Recommended for state/region Central Releases Akshaydhan LB Irrigated R-NBl, MR-ShR, BS, LB, Irrigated areas of Jharkhand, Andhra RTD, WBPH Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka Varadhan SB Irrigated R-LBl, RTD, WBPH Irrigated areas of Uttarakhand, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand Sampada MS Irrigated R-LBl, MR-WBPH Irrigated areas of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala Pushyami LB Irrigated R-BPH, WBPH, MR-ShB Irrigated areas of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra Sahyadri 4 LS Irrigated MR-LBl, NBl, BS, RTD Irrigated areas of Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal GK 5003 LS Irrigated R-LBl, NBl Irrigated areas of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka Pusa Basmati-6 LS Irrigated MR-LBl, RTD Traditional basmati growing areas of Haryana, Uttarakhand Gontra Bidhan-1 MS Irrigated MR-BPH Irrigated areas of Punjab, West Bengal Amal Mana ELS Rainfed/ irrigated/ R-SB, LF, whorl Maggot Waterlogged and coastal areas of coastal saline soils case worm and blue beatle; West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh MR-LBl, BS, ShBl CR Dhan 40 SB Direct seeded and R-GM, MR-LBl, BS Direct seeded areas of Jharkhand and transplanted transplanted areas of Maharashtra State Releases JRH-8 LS Rainfed/irrigated Tolerant to abiotic stress Madhya Pradesh Thanu MS Irrigated MR-BL, ShR Irrigated areas of Kanataka CR Boro Dhan-2 MS Boro season R-BL, ShBl; MR-YSB Boro areas of Orissa Hanseswari SB Semi deep water T-WBPH; MR-LBl, ShBl, (CR Dhan 70) SB, BPH, GM
crop production
Crop Production is the art and science of the genetic improvement of crops to produce new varieties with increased productivity and quality. The advanced genetic and molecular techniques have resulted in new varieties of crop plants, medicinal plants and ornamentals. Crop plants may be classified on basis of a morphological similarity of plants. From the agronomic stand point they may be classified on basis of use, but some crops have several different uses.
Crop Production Techniques of Horticultural Crops
Part I - Fruits Page No. Chapter A - Tropical and Sub Tropical Fruits Mango .................................................................................................................. Banana ................................................................................................................ Acid Lime ............................................................................................................. Sweet Orange ..................................................................................................... Mandarin Orange ................................................................................................. Grapes ................................................................................................................. Guava ................................................................................................................... Pineapple ............................................................................................................. Sapota .................................................................................................................. Papaya ................................................................................................................. Pomegranate ....................................................................................................... Jack ..................................................................................................................... Ber ........................................................................................................................ Amla ..................................................................................................................... Chapter B - Temperate Fruits Apple .................................................................................................................... Pear ...................................................................................................................... Plum ..................................................................................................................... Peach .................................................................................................................. Chapter C - Minor Fruits Part II – Vegetables Chapter A - Fruit Vegetables Tomato…………………………………………………………………………….. Brinjal....................................................................................................................... Bhendi…………………………………………………………………………….. Chillies…………………………………………………………………………….. Capsicum………………………………………………………………………… Paprika…………………………………………………………………………….. Pumpkin…………………………………………………………………………….. Snake gourd………………………………………………………………………… Ribbed gourd……………………………………………………………………… Bottle gourd………………………………………………………………………… Bitter gourd………………………………………………………………………… Ash gourd……………………………………………………………………………
irrigation water management
(2) When chemigation is used, include backflow preventers for wells, minimize the harmful amounts of chemigated waters that discharge from the edge of the field, and control deep percolation. In cases where chemigation is performed with furrow irrigation systems, a tailwater management system may be needed. The following limitations and special conditions apply: (1) In some locations, irrigation return flows are subject to other water rights or are required to maintain stream flow. In these special cases, on-site reuse could be precluded and would not be considered part of the management measure for such locations. In these locations, improvements to irrigation systems and their management should still occur. (2) By increasing the water use efficiency, the discharge volume from the system will usually be reduced. While the total pollutant load may be reduced somewhat, there is the potential for an increase in the concentration of pollutants in the discharge. In these special cases, where living resources or human health may be adversely affected and where other management measures (nutrients and pesticides) do not reduce concentrations in the discharge, increasing water use efficiency would not be considered part of the management measure. (3) In some irrigation districts, the time interval between the order for and the delivery of irrigation water to the farm may limit the irrigator’s ability to achieve the maximum on-farm application efficiencies that are otherwise possible. (4) In some locations, leaching is necessary to control salt in the soil profile. Leaching for salt control should be limited to the leaching requirement for the root zone. (5) Where leakage from delivery systems or return flows supports wetlands or wildlife refuges, it may be preferable to modify the system to achieve a high level of efficiency and then divert the “saved water” to the wetland or wildlife refuge. This will improve the quality of water delivered to wetlands or wildlife refuges by preventing the introduction of pollutants from irrigated lands to such diverted water. (6) In some locations, sprinkler irrigation is used for frost or freeze protection, or for crop cooling. In these special cases, applications should be limited to the amount necessary for crop protection, and applied
appiled gas dynamics
Basics of thermodynamics-definition and basic relation, Energy Equation- For flow and non-flow process, adiabatic energy equation, stagnation pressure, temperature, density, reference velocities, Bernoulli’s equation, Effect of Mach number on Compressibility, Isentropic flow with variable area-Area ratio as a function of Mach number, Impulse function, Mass flow rate, Flow through nozzles and diffusers
EMBEDDED SYSTEM
Introduction to Embedded System : What is embedded system Page 4 Sec 1.1 2. Embedded systems Vs General Computing system Page 4 Sec 1.2 3. History of embedded systems , classification of embedded system Page 5,6 Sec 1.3 , Sec 1,4 4. Major application area of embedded sys Page 7 Sec 1.5 5. Purpose of embeded system Page 8 Sec 1.6 6. Typical Embedded sys: Core of embedded system Page 15 Chap 2 7. Memory Page 28 Sec 2.2 8. Sensors Page 35 Sec 2.3 9. Actuators Page 35 Sec 2.3 10. Communication Interface Page 45 Sec 2.4 11. Embedded Firmware Page 59 Sec 2.5 12. Other system component Page 60 Sec 2.6 13. PCB and Passive components Page 64 Sec 2.7 14. MODULE _II Hardware Software co- Page 204 Chap 7